Advanced topic
===============

This section will introduce the advanced features of PyWebIO.


.. _multiple_app:

Start multiple applications with start_server()
-------------------------------------------------

`start_server() <pywebio.platform.tornado.start_server>` accepts a function as PyWebIO application. In addition,
`start_server() <pywebio.platform.tornado.start_server>` also accepts a list of application function or a dictionary
of it to start multiple applications. You can use `pywebio.session.go_app() <pywebio.session.go_app>` or
`put_link() <pywebio.output.put_link>` to jump between application::

    def task_1():
        put_text('task_1')
        put_buttons(['Go task 2'], [lambda: go_app('task_2')])

    def task_2():
        put_text('task_2')
        put_buttons(['Go task 1'], [lambda: go_app('task_1')])

    def index():
        put_link('Go task 1', app='task_1')  # Use `app` parameter to specify the task name
        put_link('Go task 2', app='task_2')

    # equal to `start_server({'index': index, 'task_1': task_1, 'task_2': task_2})`
    start_server([index, task_1, task_2])

When the first parameter of `start_server() <pywebio.platform.tornado.start_server>` is a dictionary, whose key is
application name and value is application function. When it is a list, PyWebIO will use function name as application name.

You can select which application to access through the ``app`` URL parameter
(for example, visit ``http://host:port/?app=foo`` to access the ``foo`` application),
By default, the ``index`` application is opened when no ``app`` URL parameter provided.
When the ``index`` application doesn't exist, PyWebIO will provide a default index application.


.. _integration_web_framework:

Integration with web framework
---------------------------------

The PyWebIO application can be integrated into an existing Python Web project, the PyWebIO application and the Web
project share a web framework. PyWebIO currently supports integration with Flask, Tornado, Django, aiohttp and
FastAPI(Starlette) web frameworks.

The integration methods of those web frameworks are as follows:

.. tabs::

   .. tab:: Tornado

        .. only:: latex

            **Tornado**

        Use `pywebio.platform.tornado.webio_handler()` to get the
        `WebSocketHandler <https://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/websocket.html#tornado.websocket.WebSocketHandler>`_
        class for running PyWebIO applications in Tornado::

            import tornado.ioloop
            import tornado.web
            from pywebio.platform.tornado import webio_handler

            class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
                def get(self):
                    self.write("Hello, world")

            if __name__ == "__main__":
                application = tornado.web.Application([
                    (r"/", MainHandler),
                    (r"/tool", webio_handler(task_func)),  # `task_func` is PyWebIO task function
                ])
                application.listen(port=80, address='localhost')
                tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()


        In above code, we add a routing rule to bind the ``WebSocketHandler`` of the PyWebIO application to the ``/tool`` path.
        After starting the Tornado server, you can visit ``http://localhost/tool`` to open the PyWebIO application.

        .. attention::

           PyWebIO uses the WebSocket protocol to communicate with the browser in Tornado. If your Tornado application
           is behind a reverse proxy (such as Nginx), you may need to configure the reverse proxy to support the
           WebSocket protocol. :ref:`Here <nginx_ws_config>` is an example of Nginx WebSocket configuration.

   .. tab:: Flask

        .. only:: latex

            **Flask**

        Use `pywebio.platform.flask.webio_view()` to get the view function for running PyWebIO applications in Flask::

            from pywebio.platform.flask import webio_view
            from flask import Flask

            app = Flask(__name__)

            # `task_func` is PyWebIO task function
            app.add_url_rule('/tool', 'webio_view', webio_view(task_func),
                        methods=['GET', 'POST', 'OPTIONS'])  # need GET,POST and OPTIONS methods

            app.run(host='localhost', port=80)


        In above code, we add a routing rule to bind the view function of the PyWebIO application to the ``/tool`` path.
        After starting the Flask application, visit ``http://localhost/tool`` to open the PyWebIO application.

   .. tab:: Django

        .. only:: latex

            **Django**

        Use `pywebio.platform.django.webio_view()` to get the view function for running PyWebIO applications in Django::

            # urls.py

            from django.urls import path
            from pywebio.platform.django import webio_view

            # `task_func` is PyWebIO task function
            webio_view_func = webio_view(task_func)

            urlpatterns = [
                path(r"tool", webio_view_func),
            ]


        In above code, we add a routing rule to bind the view function of the PyWebIO application to the ``/tool`` path.
        After starting the Django server, visit ``http://localhost/tool`` to open the PyWebIO application

   .. tab:: aiohttp

      .. only:: latex

         **aiohttp**

      Use `pywebio.platform.aiohttp.webio_handler()` to get the
      `Request Handler <https://docs.aiohttp.org/en/stable/web_quickstart.html#aiohttp-web-handler>`_ coroutine for
      running PyWebIO applications in aiohttp::

            from aiohttp import web
            from pywebio.platform.aiohttp import webio_handler

            app = web.Application()
            # `task_func` is PyWebIO task function
            app.add_routes([web.get('/tool', webio_handler(task_func))])

            web.run_app(app, host='localhost', port=80)

      After starting the aiohttp server, visit ``http://localhost/tool`` to open the PyWebIO application

      .. attention::

        PyWebIO uses the WebSocket protocol to communicate with the browser in aiohttp. If your aiohttp server is
        behind a reverse proxy (such as Nginx), you may need to configure the reverse proxy to support the WebSocket
        protocol. :ref:`Here <nginx_ws_config>` is an example of Nginx WebSocket configuration.


   .. tab:: FastAPI/Starlette

      .. only:: latex

         **FastAPI/Starlette**

      Use `pywebio.platform.fastapi.webio_routes()` to get the FastAPI/Starlette routes for running PyWebIO applications.
      You can mount the routes to your FastAPI/Starlette app.

      FastAPI::

         from fastapi import FastAPI
         from pywebio.platform.fastapi import webio_routes

         app = FastAPI()

         @app.get("/app")
         def read_main():
            return {"message": "Hello World from main app"}

         # `task_func` is PyWebIO task function
         app.mount("/tool", FastAPI(routes=webio_routes(task_func)))

      Starlette::

         from starlette.applications import Starlette
         from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
         from starlette.routing import Route, Mount
         from pywebio.platform.fastapi import webio_routes

         async def homepage(request):
            return JSONResponse({'hello': 'world'})

         app = Starlette(routes=[
            Route('/', homepage),
            Mount('/tool', routes=webio_routes(task_func))  # `task_func` is PyWebIO task function
         ])

      After starting the server by using ``uvicorn <module>:app`` , visit ``http://localhost:8000/tool/`` to open the PyWebIO application

      See also: `FastAPI doc <https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/advanced/sub-applications/>`_ , `Starlette doc <https://www.starlette.io/routing/#submounting-routes>`_

      .. attention::

        PyWebIO uses the WebSocket protocol to communicate with the browser in FastAPI/Starlette. If your server is
        behind a reverse proxy (such as Nginx), you may need to configure the reverse proxy to support the WebSocket
        protocol. :ref:`Here <nginx_ws_config>` is an example of Nginx WebSocket configuration.


.. _integration_web_framework_note:

Notes
^^^^^^^^^^^
**Deployment in production**

In your production system, you may want to deploy the web applications with some WSGI/ASGI servers such as uWSGI, Gunicorn, and Uvicorn.
Since PyWebIO applications store session state in memory of process, when you use HTTP-based sessions (Flask and Django)
and spawn multiple workers to handle requests, the request may be dispatched to a process that does not hold the session
to which the request belongs. So you can only start one worker to handle requests when using Flask or Django backend.

If you still want to use multiple processes to increase concurrency, one way is to use Uvicorn+FastAPI, or you can also
start multiple Tornado/aiohttp processes and add external load balancer (such as HAProxy or nginx) before them.
Those backends use the WebSocket protocol to communicate with the browser in PyWebIO, so there is no the issue as described above.

**Static resources Hosting**

By default, the front-end of PyWebIO gets required static resources from CDN. If you want to deploy PyWebIO applications
in an offline environment, you need to host static files by yourself, and set the ``cdn`` parameter of ``webio_view()``
or ``webio_handler()`` to ``False``.

When setting ``cdn=False`` , you need to host the static resources in the same directory as the PyWebIO application.
In addition, you can also pass a string to ``cdn`` parameter to directly set the URL of PyWebIO static resources directory.

The path of the static file of PyWebIO is stored in ``pywebio.STATIC_PATH``, you can use the command
``python3 -c "import pywebio; print(pywebio.STATIC_PATH)"`` to print it out.

.. note::

   ``start_server()`` and ``path_deploy()`` also support ``cdn`` parameter, if it is set to ``False``, the static
   resource will be hosted in local server automatically, without manual hosting.


.. _coroutine_based_session:

Coroutine-based session
-------------------------------
In most cases, you don’t need the coroutine-based session. All functions or methods in PyWebIO that are only used for
coroutine sessions are specifically noted in the document.

PyWebIO's session is based on thread by default. Each time a user opens a session connection to the server, PyWebIO will
start a thread to run the task function. In addition to thread-based sessions, PyWebIO also provides coroutine-based sessions.
Coroutine-based sessions accept coroutine functions as task functions.

The session based on the coroutine is a single-thread model, which means that all sessions run in a single thread.
For IO-bound tasks, coroutines take up fewer resources than threads and have performance comparable to threads.
In addition, the context switching of the coroutine is predictable, which can reduce the need for program synchronization
and locking, and can effectively avoid most critical section problems.

Using coroutine session
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

To use coroutine-based session, you need to use the ``async`` keyword to declare the task function as a coroutine
function, and use the ``await`` syntax to call the PyWebIO input function:

.. code-block:: python
   :emphasize-lines: 5,6

    from pywebio.input import *
    from pywebio.output import *
    from pywebio import start_server

    async def say_hello():
        name = await input("what's your name?")
        put_text('Hello, %s' % name)

    start_server(say_hello, auto_open_webbrowser=True)


In the coroutine task function, you can also use ``await`` to call other coroutines or
(`awaitable objects <https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#asyncio-awaitables>`_) in the standard
library `asyncio <https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio.html>`_:

.. code-block:: python
   :emphasize-lines: 6,10

    import asyncio
    from pywebio import start_server

    async def hello_word():
        put_text('Hello ...')
        await asyncio.sleep(1)  # await awaitable objects in asyncio
        put_text('... World!')

    async def main():
        await hello_word()  # await coroutine
        put_text('Bye, bye')

    start_server(main, auto_open_webbrowser=True)

.. attention::

   In coroutine-based session, all input functions defined in the :doc:`pywebio.input </input>` module need to use
   ``await`` syntax to get the return value. Forgetting to use ``await`` will be a common error when using coroutine-based session.

   Other functions that need to use ``await`` syntax in the coroutine session are:

    * `pywebio.session.run_asyncio_coroutine(coro_obj) <pywebio.session.run_asyncio_coroutine>`
    * `pywebio.session.eval_js(expression) <pywebio.session.eval_js>`

.. warning::

   Although the PyWebIO coroutine session is compatible with the ``awaitable objects`` in the standard library ``asyncio``,
   the ``asyncio`` library is not compatible with the ``awaitable objects`` in the PyWebIO coroutine session.

   That is to say, you can't pass PyWebIO ``awaitable objects`` to the ``asyncio`` functions that accept ``awaitable objects``.
   For example, the following calls are **not supported** ::

      await asyncio.shield(pywebio.input())
      await asyncio.gather(asyncio.sleep(1), pywebio.session.eval_js('1+1'))
      task = asyncio.create_task(pywebio.input())

.. _coroutine_based_concurrency:

Concurrency in coroutine-based sessions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

In coroutine-based session, you can start new thread, but you cannot call PyWebIO interactive functions in it
(`register_thread() <pywebio.session.register_thread>` is not available in coroutine session). But you can use
`run_async(coro) <pywebio.session.run_async>` to execute a coroutine object asynchronously, and PyWebIO interactive
functions can be used in the new coroutine:

.. code-block:: python
   :emphasize-lines: 10

    from pywebio import start_server
    from pywebio.session import run_async

    async def counter(n):
        for i in range(n):
            put_text(i)
            await asyncio.sleep(1)

    async def main():
        run_async(counter(10))
        put_text('Main coroutine function exited.')


    start_server(main, auto_open_webbrowser=True)


`run_async(coro) <pywebio.session.run_async>` returns a `TaskHandler <pywebio.session.coroutinebased.TaskHandler>`,
which can be used to query the running status of the coroutine or close the coroutine.

Close of session
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Similar to thread-based session, when user close the browser page, the session will be closed.

After the browser page closed, PyWebIO input function calls that have not yet returned in the current session will
cause `SessionClosedException <pywebio.exceptions.SessionClosedException>`, and subsequent calls to PyWebIO interactive
functions will cause `SessionNotFoundException <pywebio.exceptions.SessionNotFoundException>` or
`SessionClosedException <pywebio.exceptions.SessionClosedException>`.

`defer_call(func) <pywebio.session.defer_call>` also available in coroutine session.

.. _coroutine_web_integration:

Integration with Web Framework
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The PyWebIO application that using coroutine-based session can also be integrated to the web framework.

However, there are some limitations when using coroutine-based sessions to integrate into Flask or Django:

First, when ``await`` the coroutine objects/awaitable objects in the ``asyncio`` module, you need to use
`run_asyncio_coroutine() <pywebio.session.run_asyncio_coroutine>` to wrap the coroutine object.

Secondly, you need to start a new thread to run the event loop before starting a Flask/Django server.

Example of coroutine-based session integration into Flask:

.. code-block:: python
   :emphasize-lines: 12,20

    import asyncio
    import threading
    from flask import Flask, send_from_directory
    from pywebio import STATIC_PATH
    from pywebio.output import *
    from pywebio.platform.flask import webio_view
    from pywebio.platform import run_event_loop
    from pywebio.session import run_asyncio_coroutine

    async def hello_word():
        put_text('Hello ...')
        await run_asyncio_coroutine(asyncio.sleep(1))  # can't just "await asyncio.sleep(1)"
        put_text('... World!')

    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.add_url_rule('/hello', 'webio_view', webio_view(hello_word),
                                methods=['GET', 'POST', 'OPTIONS'])

    # thread to run event loop
    threading.Thread(target=run_event_loop, daemon=True).start()
    app.run(host='localhost', port=80)

Finally, coroutine-based session is not available in the script mode. You always need to use ``start_server()`` to
run coroutine task function or integrate it to a web framework.