use pathlib as much as possible (#3967)

* use pathlib as much as possible

* fixstuff

* break locally to unbreak in CI :shrug:

* add type on env

* debug attempt 1

* debugged

* oops, there is the actual fix

* fix 3.9 compat

benchmarks/benchmark_lighthouse.py

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import json
-import os
 import sys
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from utils import send_data_to_posthog
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def insert_benchmarking_data(
     send_data_to_posthog("lighthouse_benchmark", properties)
 
 
-def get_lighthouse_scores(directory_path: str) -> dict:
+def get_lighthouse_scores(directory_path: str | Path) -> dict:
     """Extracts the Lighthouse scores from the JSON files in the specified directory.
 
     Args:
@@ -38,24 +38,21 @@ def get_lighthouse_scores(directory_path: str) -> dict:
         dict: The Lighthouse scores.
     """
     scores = {}
-
+    directory_path = Path(directory_path)
     try:
-        for filename in os.listdir(directory_path):
-            if filename.endswith(".json") and filename != "manifest.json":
-                file_path = os.path.join(directory_path, filename)
-                with open(file_path, "r") as file:
-                    data = json.load(file)
-                    # Extract scores and add them to the dictionary with the filename as key
-                    scores[data["finalUrl"].replace("http://localhost:3000/", "/")] = {
-                        "performance_score": data["categories"]["performance"]["score"],
-                        "accessibility_score": data["categories"]["accessibility"][
-                            "score"
-                        ],
-                        "best_practices_score": data["categories"]["best-practices"][
-                            "score"
-                        ],
-                        "seo_score": data["categories"]["seo"]["score"],
-                    }
+        for filename in directory_path.iterdir():
+            if filename.suffix == ".json" and filename.stem != "manifest":
+                file_path = directory_path / filename
+                data = json.loads(file_path.read_text())
+                # Extract scores and add them to the dictionary with the filename as key
+                scores[data["finalUrl"].replace("http://localhost:3000/", "/")] = {
+                    "performance_score": data["categories"]["performance"]["score"],
+                    "accessibility_score": data["categories"]["accessibility"]["score"],
+                    "best_practices_score": data["categories"]["best-practices"][
+                        "score"
+                    ],
+                    "seo_score": data["categories"]["seo"]["score"],
+                }
     except Exception as e:
         return {"error": e}
 

benchmarks/benchmark_package_size.py

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 
 import argparse
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from utils import get_directory_size, get_python_version, send_data_to_posthog
 
 
-def get_package_size(venv_path, os_name):
+def get_package_size(venv_path: Path, os_name):
     """Get the size of a specified package.
 
     Args:
@@ -26,14 +27,12 @@ def get_package_size(venv_path, os_name):
 
     is_windows = "windows" in os_name
 
-    full_path = (
-        ["lib", f"python{python_version}", "site-packages"]
+    package_dir: Path = (
+        venv_path / "lib" / f"python{python_version}" / "site-packages"
         if not is_windows
-        else ["Lib", "site-packages"]
+        else venv_path / "Lib" / "site-packages"
     )
-
-    package_dir = os.path.join(venv_path, *full_path)
-    if not os.path.exists(package_dir):
+    if not package_dir.exists():
         raise ValueError(
             "Error: Virtual environment does not exist or is not activated."
         )
@@ -63,9 +62,9 @@ def insert_benchmarking_data(
         path: The path to the dir or file to check size.
     """
     if "./dist" in path:
-        size = get_directory_size(path)
+        size = get_directory_size(Path(path))
     else:
-        size = get_package_size(path, os_type_version)
+        size = get_package_size(Path(path), os_type_version)
 
     # Prepare the event data
     properties = {

benchmarks/benchmark_web_size.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 import argparse
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from utils import get_directory_size, send_data_to_posthog
 
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ def insert_benchmarking_data(
         pr_id: The id of the PR.
         path: The path to the dir or file to check size.
     """
-    size = get_directory_size(path)
+    size = get_directory_size(Path(path))
 
     # Prepare the event data
     properties = {

benchmarks/utils.py

@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@
 
 import os
 import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import httpx
 from httpx import HTTPError
 
 
-def get_python_version(venv_path, os_name):
+def get_python_version(venv_path: Path, os_name):
     """Get the python version of python in a virtual env.
 
     Args:
@@ -18,13 +19,13 @@ def get_python_version(venv_path, os_name):
         The python version.
     """
     python_executable = (
-        os.path.join(venv_path, "bin", "python")
+        venv_path / "bin" / "python"
         if "windows" not in os_name
-        else os.path.join(venv_path, "Scripts", "python.exe")
+        else venv_path / "Scripts" / "python.exe"
     )
     try:
         output = subprocess.check_output(
-            [python_executable, "--version"], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT
+            [str(python_executable), "--version"], stderr=subprocess.STDOUT
         )
         python_version = output.decode("utf-8").strip().split()[1]
         return ".".join(python_version.split(".")[:-1])
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ def get_python_version(venv_path, os_name):
         return None
 
 
-def get_directory_size(directory):
+def get_directory_size(directory: Path):
     """Get the size of a directory in bytes.
 
     Args:
@@ -44,8 +45,8 @@ def get_directory_size(directory):
     total_size = 0
     for dirpath, _, filenames in os.walk(directory):
         for f in filenames:
-            fp = os.path.join(dirpath, f)
-            total_size += os.path.getsize(fp)
+            fp = Path(dirpath) / f
+            total_size += fp.stat().st_size
     return total_size
 
 

reflex/compiler/compiler.py

@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ def _compile_root_stylesheet(stylesheets: list[str]) -> str:
             stylesheet_full_path = (
                 Path.cwd() / constants.Dirs.APP_ASSETS / stylesheet.strip("/")
             )
-            if not os.path.exists(stylesheet_full_path):
+            if not stylesheet_full_path.exists():
                 raise FileNotFoundError(
                     f"The stylesheet file {stylesheet_full_path} does not exist."
                 )

reflex/compiler/utils.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import os
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Type, Union
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
@@ -457,16 +456,16 @@ def add_meta(
     return page
 
 
-def write_page(path: str, code: str):
+def write_page(path: str | Path, code: str):
     """Write the given code to the given path.
 
     Args:
         path: The path to write the code to.
         code: The code to write.
     """
-    path_ops.mkdir(os.path.dirname(path))
-    with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
-        f.write(code)
+    path = Path(path)
+    path_ops.mkdir(path.parent)
+    path.write_text(code, encoding="utf-8")
 
 
 def empty_dir(path: str | Path, keep_files: list[str] | None = None):

reflex/config.py

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import importlib
 import os
 import sys
 import urllib.parse
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Set, Union
 
 try:
     import pydantic.v1 as pydantic
@@ -188,7 +189,7 @@ class Config(Base):
     telemetry_enabled: bool = True
 
     # The bun path
-    bun_path: str = constants.Bun.DEFAULT_PATH
+    bun_path: Union[str, Path] = constants.Bun.DEFAULT_PATH
 
     # List of origins that are allowed to connect to the backend API.
     cors_allowed_origins: List[str] = ["*"]

reflex/constants/base.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import os
 import platform
 from enum import Enum
 from importlib import metadata
+from pathlib import Path
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 from platformdirs import PlatformDirs
@@ -66,18 +67,19 @@ class Reflex(SimpleNamespace):
     # Get directory value from enviroment variables if it exists.
     _dir = os.environ.get("REFLEX_DIR", "")
 
-    DIR = _dir or (
-        # on windows, we use C:/Users/<username>/AppData/Local/reflex.
-        # on macOS, we use ~/Library/Application Support/reflex.
-        # on linux, we use ~/.local/share/reflex.
-        # If user sets REFLEX_DIR envroment variable use that instead.
-        PlatformDirs(MODULE_NAME, False).user_data_dir
+    DIR = Path(
+        _dir
+        or (
+            # on windows, we use C:/Users/<username>/AppData/Local/reflex.
+            # on macOS, we use ~/Library/Application Support/reflex.
+            # on linux, we use ~/.local/share/reflex.
+            # If user sets REFLEX_DIR envroment variable use that instead.
+            PlatformDirs(MODULE_NAME, False).user_data_dir
+        )
     )
     # The root directory of the reflex library.
 
-    ROOT_DIR = os.path.dirname(
-        os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
-    )
+    ROOT_DIR = Path(__file__).parents[2]
 
     RELEASES_URL = f"https://api.github.com/repos/reflex-dev/templates/releases"
 
@@ -125,11 +127,11 @@ class Templates(SimpleNamespace):
         """Folders used by the template system of Reflex."""
 
         # The template directory used during reflex init.
-        BASE = os.path.join(Reflex.ROOT_DIR, Reflex.MODULE_NAME, ".templates")
+        BASE = Reflex.ROOT_DIR / Reflex.MODULE_NAME / ".templates"
         # The web subdirectory of the template directory.
-        WEB_TEMPLATE = os.path.join(BASE, "web")
+        WEB_TEMPLATE = BASE / "web"
         # The jinja template directory.
-        JINJA_TEMPLATE = os.path.join(BASE, "jinja")
+        JINJA_TEMPLATE = BASE / "jinja"
         # Where the code for the templates is stored.
         CODE = "code"
 

reflex/constants/config.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """Config constants."""
 
 import os
+from pathlib import Path
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 from reflex.constants.base import Dirs, Reflex
@@ -17,9 +18,7 @@ class Config(SimpleNamespace):
     # The name of the reflex config module.
     MODULE = "rxconfig"
     # The python config file.
-    FILE = f"{MODULE}{Ext.PY}"
-    # The previous config file.
-    PREVIOUS_FILE = f"pcconfig{Ext.PY}"
+    FILE = Path(f"{MODULE}{Ext.PY}")
 
 
 class Expiration(SimpleNamespace):
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class GitIgnore(SimpleNamespace):
     """Gitignore constants."""
 
     # The gitignore file.
-    FILE = ".gitignore"
+    FILE = Path(".gitignore")
     # Files to gitignore.
     DEFAULTS = {Dirs.WEB, "*.db", "__pycache__/", "*.py[cod]", "assets/external/"}
 

reflex/constants/custom_components.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+from pathlib import Path
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 
 
@@ -11,9 +12,9 @@ class CustomComponents(SimpleNamespace):
     # The name of the custom components source directory.
     SRC_DIR = "custom_components"
     # The name of the custom components pyproject.toml file.
-    PYPROJECT_TOML = "pyproject.toml"
+    PYPROJECT_TOML = Path("pyproject.toml")
     # The name of the custom components package README file.
-    PACKAGE_README = "README.md"
+    PACKAGE_README = Path("README.md")
     # The name of the custom components package .gitignore file.
     PACKAGE_GITIGNORE = ".gitignore"
     # The name of the distribution directory as result of a build.
@@ -29,6 +30,6 @@ class CustomComponents(SimpleNamespace):
         "testpypi": "https://test.pypi.org/legacy/",
     }
     # The .gitignore file for the custom component project.
-    FILE = ".gitignore"
+    FILE = Path(".gitignore")
     # Files to gitignore.
     DEFAULTS = {"__pycache__/", "*.py[cod]", "*.egg-info/", "dist/"}

reflex/constants/installer.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import os
 import platform
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 
@@ -40,11 +39,10 @@ class Bun(SimpleNamespace):
     # Min Bun Version
     MIN_VERSION = "0.7.0"
     # The directory to store the bun.
-    ROOT_PATH = os.path.join(Reflex.DIR, "bun")
+    ROOT_PATH = Reflex.DIR / "bun"
     # Default bun path.
-    DEFAULT_PATH = os.path.join(
-        ROOT_PATH, "bin", "bun" if not IS_WINDOWS else "bun.exe"
-    )
+    DEFAULT_PATH = ROOT_PATH / "bin" / ("bun" if not IS_WINDOWS else "bun.exe")
+
     # URL to bun install script.
     INSTALL_URL = "https://bun.sh/install"
     # URL to windows install script.
@@ -65,10 +63,10 @@ class Fnm(SimpleNamespace):
     # The FNM version.
     VERSION = "1.35.1"
     # The directory to store fnm.
-    DIR = os.path.join(Reflex.DIR, "fnm")
+    DIR = Reflex.DIR / "fnm"
     FILENAME = get_fnm_name()
     # The fnm executable binary.
-    EXE = os.path.join(DIR, "fnm.exe" if IS_WINDOWS else "fnm")
+    EXE = DIR / ("fnm.exe" if IS_WINDOWS else "fnm")
 
     # The URL to the fnm release binary
     INSTALL_URL = (
@@ -86,18 +84,19 @@ class Node(SimpleNamespace):
     MIN_VERSION = "18.17.0"
 
     # The node bin path.
-    BIN_PATH = os.path.join(
-        Fnm.DIR,
-        "node-versions",
-        f"v{VERSION}",
-        "installation",
-        "bin" if not IS_WINDOWS else "",
+    BIN_PATH = (
+        Fnm.DIR
+        / "node-versions"
+        / f"v{VERSION}"
+        / "installation"
+        / ("bin" if not IS_WINDOWS else "")
     )
+
     # The default path where node is installed.
-    PATH = os.path.join(BIN_PATH, "node.exe" if IS_WINDOWS else "node")
+    PATH = BIN_PATH / ("node.exe" if IS_WINDOWS else "node")
 
     # The default path where npm is installed.
-    NPM_PATH = os.path.join(BIN_PATH, "npm")
+    NPM_PATH = BIN_PATH / "npm"
 
     # The environment variable to use the system installed node.
     USE_SYSTEM_VAR = "REFLEX_USE_SYSTEM_NODE"

reflex/custom_components/custom_components.py

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ POST_CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_GALLERY_TIMEOUT = 15
 
 
 @contextmanager
-def set_directory(working_directory: str):
+def set_directory(working_directory: str | Path):
     """Context manager that sets the working directory.
 
     Args:
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ def set_directory(working_directory: str):
     Yields:
         Yield to the caller to perform operations in the working directory.
     """
-    current_directory = os.getcwd()
+    current_directory = Path.cwd()
+    working_directory = Path(working_directory)
     try:
         os.chdir(working_directory)
         yield
@@ -62,14 +63,14 @@ def _create_package_config(module_name: str, package_name: str):
     """
     from reflex.compiler import templates
 
-    with open(CustomComponents.PYPROJECT_TOML, "w") as f:
-        f.write(
-            templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_PYPROJECT_TOML.render(
-                module_name=module_name,
-                package_name=package_name,
-                reflex_version=constants.Reflex.VERSION,
-            )
+    pyproject = Path(CustomComponents.PYPROJECT_TOML)
+    pyproject.write_text(
+        templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_PYPROJECT_TOML.render(
+            module_name=module_name,
+            package_name=package_name,
+            reflex_version=constants.Reflex.VERSION,
         )
+    )
 
 
 def _get_package_config(exit_on_fail: bool = True) -> dict:
@@ -84,11 +85,11 @@ def _get_package_config(exit_on_fail: bool = True) -> dict:
     Raises:
         Exit: If the pyproject.toml file is not found.
     """
+    pyproject = Path(CustomComponents.PYPROJECT_TOML)
     try:
-        with open(CustomComponents.PYPROJECT_TOML, "rb") as f:
-            return dict(tomlkit.load(f))
+        return dict(tomlkit.loads(pyproject.read_bytes()))
     except (OSError, TOMLKitError) as ex:
-        console.error(f"Unable to read from pyproject.toml due to {ex}")
+        console.error(f"Unable to read from {pyproject} due to {ex}")
         if exit_on_fail:
             raise typer.Exit(code=1) from ex
         raise
@@ -103,17 +104,17 @@ def _create_readme(module_name: str, package_name: str):
     """
     from reflex.compiler import templates
 
-    with open(CustomComponents.PACKAGE_README, "w") as f:
-        f.write(
-            templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_README.render(
-                module_name=module_name,
-                package_name=package_name,
-            )
+    readme = Path(CustomComponents.PACKAGE_README)
+    readme.write_text(
+        templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_README.render(
+            module_name=module_name,
+            package_name=package_name,
         )
+    )
 
 
 def _write_source_and_init_py(
-    custom_component_src_dir: str,
+    custom_component_src_dir: Path,
     component_class_name: str,
     module_name: str,
 ):
@@ -126,27 +127,17 @@ def _write_source_and_init_py(
     """
     from reflex.compiler import templates
 
-    with open(
-        os.path.join(
-            custom_component_src_dir,
-            f"{module_name}.py",
-        ),
-        "w",
-    ) as f:
-        f.write(
-            templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_SOURCE.render(
-                component_class_name=component_class_name, module_name=module_name
-            )
+    module_path = custom_component_src_dir / f"{module_name}.py"
+    module_path.write_text(
+        templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_SOURCE.render(
+            component_class_name=component_class_name, module_name=module_name
         )
+    )
 
-    with open(
-        os.path.join(
-            custom_component_src_dir,
-            CustomComponents.INIT_FILE,
-        ),
-        "w",
-    ) as f:
-        f.write(templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_INIT_FILE.render(module_name=module_name))
+    init_path = custom_component_src_dir / CustomComponents.INIT_FILE
+    init_path.write_text(
+        templates.CUSTOM_COMPONENTS_INIT_FILE.render(module_name=module_name)
+    )
 
 
 def _populate_demo_app(name_variants: NameVariants):
@@ -192,7 +183,7 @@ def _get_default_library_name_parts() -> list[str]:
     Returns:
         The parts of default library name.
     """
-    current_dir_name = os.getcwd().split(os.path.sep)[-1]
+    current_dir_name = Path.cwd().name
 
     cleaned_dir_name = re.sub("[^0-9a-zA-Z-_]+", "", current_dir_name).lower()
     parts = [part for part in re.split("-|_", cleaned_dir_name) if part]
@@ -345,7 +336,7 @@ def init(
 
     console.set_log_level(loglevel)
 
-    if os.path.exists(CustomComponents.PYPROJECT_TOML):
+    if CustomComponents.PYPROJECT_TOML.exists():
         console.error(f"A {CustomComponents.PYPROJECT_TOML} already exists. Aborting.")
         typer.Exit(code=1)
 

reflex/reflex.py

@@ -114,9 +114,6 @@ def _init(
             app_name, generation_hash=generation_hash
         )
 
-    # Migrate Pynecone projects to Reflex.
-    prerequisites.migrate_to_reflex()
-
     # Initialize the .gitignore.
     prerequisites.initialize_gitignore()
 

reflex/utils/build.py

@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ def generate_sitemap_config(deploy_url: str, export=False):
 
 def _zip(
     component_name: constants.ComponentName,
-    target: str,
-    root_dir: str,
+    target: str | Path,
+    root_dir: str | Path,
     exclude_venv_dirs: bool,
     upload_db_file: bool = False,
     dirs_to_exclude: set[str] | None = None,
@@ -82,22 +82,22 @@ def _zip(
         top_level_dirs_to_exclude: The top level directory names immediately under root_dir to exclude. Do not exclude folders by these names further in the sub-directories.
 
     """
+    target = Path(target)
+    root_dir = Path(root_dir)
     dirs_to_exclude = dirs_to_exclude or set()
     files_to_exclude = files_to_exclude or set()
     files_to_zip: list[str] = []
     # Traverse the root directory in a top-down manner. In this traversal order,
     # we can modify the dirs list in-place to remove directories we don't want to include.
     for root, dirs, files in os.walk(root_dir, topdown=True):
+        root = Path(root)
         # Modify the dirs in-place so excluded and hidden directories are skipped in next traversal.
         dirs[:] = [
             d
             for d in dirs
-            if (basename := os.path.basename(os.path.normpath(d)))
-            not in dirs_to_exclude
+            if (basename := Path(d).resolve().name) not in dirs_to_exclude
             and not basename.startswith(".")
-            and (
-                not exclude_venv_dirs or not _looks_like_venv_dir(os.path.join(root, d))
-            )
+            and (not exclude_venv_dirs or not _looks_like_venv_dir(root / d))
         ]
         # If we are at the top level with root_dir, exclude the top level dirs.
         if top_level_dirs_to_exclude and root == root_dir:
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def _zip(
             if not f.startswith(".") and (upload_db_file or not f.endswith(".db"))
         ]
         files_to_zip += [
-            os.path.join(root, file) for file in files if file not in files_to_exclude
+            str(root / file) for file in files if file not in files_to_exclude
         ]
 
     # Create a progress bar for zipping the component.
@@ -126,13 +126,13 @@ def _zip(
         for file in files_to_zip:
             console.debug(f"{target}: {file}", progress=progress)
             progress.advance(task)
-            zipf.write(file, os.path.relpath(file, root_dir))
+            zipf.write(file, Path(file).relative_to(root_dir))
 
 
 def zip_app(
     frontend: bool = True,
     backend: bool = True,
-    zip_dest_dir: str = os.getcwd(),
+    zip_dest_dir: str | Path = Path.cwd(),
     upload_db_file: bool = False,
 ):
     """Zip up the app.
@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ def zip_app(
         zip_dest_dir: The directory to export the zip file to.
         upload_db_file: Whether to upload the database file.
     """
+    zip_dest_dir = Path(zip_dest_dir)
     files_to_exclude = {
         constants.ComponentName.FRONTEND.zip(),
         constants.ComponentName.BACKEND.zip(),
@@ -151,8 +152,8 @@ def zip_app(
     if frontend:
         _zip(
             component_name=constants.ComponentName.FRONTEND,
-            target=os.path.join(zip_dest_dir, constants.ComponentName.FRONTEND.zip()),
-            root_dir=str(prerequisites.get_web_dir() / constants.Dirs.STATIC),
+            target=zip_dest_dir / constants.ComponentName.FRONTEND.zip(),
+            root_dir=prerequisites.get_web_dir() / constants.Dirs.STATIC,
             files_to_exclude=files_to_exclude,
             exclude_venv_dirs=False,
         )
@@ -160,8 +161,8 @@ def zip_app(
     if backend:
         _zip(
             component_name=constants.ComponentName.BACKEND,
-            target=os.path.join(zip_dest_dir, constants.ComponentName.BACKEND.zip()),
-            root_dir=".",
+            target=zip_dest_dir / constants.ComponentName.BACKEND.zip(),
+            root_dir=Path("."),
             dirs_to_exclude={"__pycache__"},
             files_to_exclude=files_to_exclude,
             top_level_dirs_to_exclude={"assets"},
@@ -266,5 +267,6 @@ def setup_frontend_prod(
     build(deploy_url=get_config().deploy_url)
 
 
-def _looks_like_venv_dir(dir_to_check: str) -> bool:
-    return os.path.exists(os.path.join(dir_to_check, "pyvenv.cfg"))
+def _looks_like_venv_dir(dir_to_check: str | Path) -> bool:
+    dir_to_check = Path(dir_to_check)
+    return (dir_to_check / "pyvenv.cfg").exists()

reflex/utils/path_ops.py

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def use_system_bun() -> bool:
     return use_system_install(constants.Bun.USE_SYSTEM_VAR)
 
 
-def get_node_bin_path() -> str | None:
+def get_node_bin_path() -> Path | None:
     """Get the node binary dir path.
 
     Returns:
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ def get_node_bin_path() -> str | None:
     bin_path = Path(constants.Node.BIN_PATH)
     if not bin_path.exists():
         str_path = which("node")
-        return str(Path(str_path).parent.resolve()) if str_path else str_path
-    return str(bin_path.resolve())
+        return Path(str_path).parent.resolve() if str_path else None
+    return bin_path.resolve()
 
 
 def get_node_path() -> str | None:

reflex/utils/prerequisites.py

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import contextlib
 import dataclasses
 import functools
-import glob
 import importlib
 import importlib.metadata
 import json
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import tempfile
 import time
 import zipfile
 from datetime import datetime
-from fileinput import FileInput
 from pathlib import Path
 from types import ModuleType
 from typing import Callable, List, Optional
@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ def get_bun_version() -> version.Version | None:
     """
     try:
         # Run the bun -v command and capture the output
-        result = processes.new_process([get_config().bun_path, "-v"], run=True)
+        result = processes.new_process([str(get_config().bun_path), "-v"], run=True)
         return version.parse(result.stdout)  # type: ignore
     except FileNotFoundError:
         return None
@@ -217,7 +216,7 @@ def get_install_package_manager() -> str | None:
         or windows_npm_escape_hatch()
     ):
         return get_package_manager()
-    return get_config().bun_path
+    return str(get_config().bun_path)
 
 
 def get_package_manager() -> str | None:
@@ -394,9 +393,7 @@ def validate_app_name(app_name: str | None = None) -> str:
     Raises:
         Exit: if the app directory name is reflex or if the name is not standard for a python package name.
     """
-    app_name = (
-        app_name if app_name else os.getcwd().split(os.path.sep)[-1].replace("-", "_")
-    )
+    app_name = app_name if app_name else Path.cwd().name.replace("-", "_")
     # Make sure the app is not named "reflex".
     if app_name.lower() == constants.Reflex.MODULE_NAME:
         console.error(
@@ -430,7 +427,7 @@ def create_config(app_name: str):
 
 
 def initialize_gitignore(
-    gitignore_file: str = constants.GitIgnore.FILE,
+    gitignore_file: Path = constants.GitIgnore.FILE,
     files_to_ignore: set[str] = constants.GitIgnore.DEFAULTS,
 ):
     """Initialize the template .gitignore file.
@@ -441,9 +438,10 @@ def initialize_gitignore(
     """
     # Combine with the current ignored files.
     current_ignore: set[str] = set()
-    if os.path.exists(gitignore_file):
-        with open(gitignore_file, "r") as f:
-            current_ignore |= set([line.strip() for line in f.readlines()])
+    if gitignore_file.exists():
+        current_ignore |= set(
+            line.strip() for line in gitignore_file.read_text().splitlines()
+        )
 
     if files_to_ignore == current_ignore:
         console.debug(f"{gitignore_file} already up to date.")
@@ -451,9 +449,11 @@ def initialize_gitignore(
     files_to_ignore |= current_ignore
 
     # Write files to the .gitignore file.
-    with open(gitignore_file, "w", newline="\n") as f:
-        console.debug(f"Creating {gitignore_file}")
-        f.write(f"{(path_ops.join(sorted(files_to_ignore))).lstrip()}\n")
+    gitignore_file.touch(exist_ok=True)
+    console.debug(f"Creating {gitignore_file}")
+    gitignore_file.write_text(
+        "\n".join(sorted(files_to_ignore)) + "\n",
+    )
 
 
 def initialize_requirements_txt():
@@ -546,8 +546,8 @@ def initialize_app_directory(
     # Rename the template app to the app name.
     path_ops.mv(template_code_dir_name, app_name)
     path_ops.mv(
-        os.path.join(app_name, template_name + constants.Ext.PY),
-        os.path.join(app_name, app_name + constants.Ext.PY),
+        Path(app_name) / (template_name + constants.Ext.PY),
+        Path(app_name) / (app_name + constants.Ext.PY),
     )
 
     # Fix up the imports.
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ def _update_next_config(
 def remove_existing_bun_installation():
     """Remove existing bun installation."""
     console.debug("Removing existing bun installation.")
-    if os.path.exists(get_config().bun_path):
+    if Path(get_config().bun_path).exists():
         path_ops.rm(constants.Bun.ROOT_PATH)
 
 
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ def download_and_extract_fnm_zip():
     # Download the zip file
     url = constants.Fnm.INSTALL_URL
     console.debug(f"Downloading {url}")
-    fnm_zip_file = os.path.join(constants.Fnm.DIR, f"{constants.Fnm.FILENAME}.zip")
+    fnm_zip_file = constants.Fnm.DIR / f"{constants.Fnm.FILENAME}.zip"
     # Function to download and extract the FNM zip release.
     try:
         # Download the FNM zip release.
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ def install_node():
         return
 
     path_ops.mkdir(constants.Fnm.DIR)
-    if not os.path.exists(constants.Fnm.EXE):
+    if not constants.Fnm.EXE.exists():
         download_and_extract_fnm_zip()
 
     if constants.IS_WINDOWS:
@@ -827,7 +827,7 @@ def install_bun():
             )
 
     # Skip if bun is already installed.
-    if os.path.exists(get_config().bun_path) and get_bun_version() == version.parse(
+    if Path(get_config().bun_path).exists() and get_bun_version() == version.parse(
         constants.Bun.VERSION
     ):
         console.debug("Skipping bun installation as it is already installed.")
@@ -842,7 +842,7 @@ def install_bun():
                 f"irm {constants.Bun.WINDOWS_INSTALL_URL}|iex",
             ],
             env={
-                "BUN_INSTALL": constants.Bun.ROOT_PATH,
+                "BUN_INSTALL": str(constants.Bun.ROOT_PATH),
                 "BUN_VERSION": constants.Bun.VERSION,
             },
             shell=True,
@@ -858,25 +858,26 @@ def install_bun():
         download_and_run(
             constants.Bun.INSTALL_URL,
             f"bun-v{constants.Bun.VERSION}",
-            BUN_INSTALL=constants.Bun.ROOT_PATH,
+            BUN_INSTALL=str(constants.Bun.ROOT_PATH),
         )
 
 
-def _write_cached_procedure_file(payload: str, cache_file: str):
-    with open(cache_file, "w") as f:
-        f.write(payload)
+def _write_cached_procedure_file(payload: str, cache_file: str | Path):
+    cache_file = Path(cache_file)
+    cache_file.write_text(payload)
 
 
-def _read_cached_procedure_file(cache_file: str) -> str | None:
-    if os.path.exists(cache_file):
-        with open(cache_file, "r") as f:
-            return f.read()
+def _read_cached_procedure_file(cache_file: str | Path) -> str | None:
+    cache_file = Path(cache_file)
+    if cache_file.exists():
+        return cache_file.read_text()
     return None
 
 
-def _clear_cached_procedure_file(cache_file: str):
-    if os.path.exists(cache_file):
-        os.remove(cache_file)
+def _clear_cached_procedure_file(cache_file: str | Path):
+    cache_file = Path(cache_file)
+    if cache_file.exists():
+        cache_file.unlink()
 
 
 def cached_procedure(cache_file: str, payload_fn: Callable[..., str]):
@@ -977,7 +978,7 @@ def needs_reinit(frontend: bool = True) -> bool:
     Raises:
         Exit: If the app is not initialized.
     """
-    if not os.path.exists(constants.Config.FILE):
+    if not constants.Config.FILE.exists():
         console.error(
             f"[cyan]{constants.Config.FILE}[/cyan] not found. Move to the root folder of your project, or run [bold]{constants.Reflex.MODULE_NAME} init[/bold] to start a new project."
         )
@@ -988,7 +989,7 @@ def needs_reinit(frontend: bool = True) -> bool:
         return False
 
     # Make sure the .reflex directory exists.
-    if not os.path.exists(constants.Reflex.DIR):
+    if not constants.Reflex.DIR.exists():
         return True
 
     # Make sure the .web directory exists in frontend mode.
@@ -1093,25 +1094,21 @@ def ensure_reflex_installation_id() -> Optional[int]:
     """
     try:
         initialize_reflex_user_directory()
-        installation_id_file = os.path.join(constants.Reflex.DIR, "installation_id")
+        installation_id_file = constants.Reflex.DIR / "installation_id"
 
         installation_id = None
-        if os.path.exists(installation_id_file):
-            try:
-                with open(installation_id_file, "r") as f:
-                    installation_id = int(f.read())
-            except Exception:
+        if installation_id_file.exists():
+            with contextlib.suppress(Exception):
+                installation_id = int(installation_id_file.read_text())
                 # If anything goes wrong at all... just regenerate.
                 # Like what? Examples:
                 #     - file not exists
                 #     - file not readable
                 #     - content not parseable as an int
-                pass
 
         if installation_id is None:
             installation_id = random.getrandbits(128)
-            with open(installation_id_file, "w") as f:
-                f.write(str(installation_id))
+            installation_id_file.write_text(str(installation_id))
         # If we get here, installation_id is definitely set
         return installation_id
     except Exception as e:
@@ -1205,50 +1202,6 @@ def prompt_for_template(templates: list[Template]) -> str:
     return templates[int(template)].name
 
 
-def migrate_to_reflex():
-    """Migration from Pynecone to Reflex."""
-    # Check if the old config file exists.
-    if not os.path.exists(constants.Config.PREVIOUS_FILE):
-        return
-
-    # Ask the user if they want to migrate.
-    action = console.ask(
-        "Pynecone project detected. Automatically upgrade to Reflex?",
-        choices=["y", "n"],
-    )
-    if action == "n":
-        return
-
-    # Rename pcconfig to rxconfig.
-    console.log(
-        f"[bold]Renaming {constants.Config.PREVIOUS_FILE} to {constants.Config.FILE}"
-    )
-    os.rename(constants.Config.PREVIOUS_FILE, constants.Config.FILE)
-
-    # Find all python files in the app directory.
-    file_pattern = os.path.join(get_config().app_name, "**/*.py")
-    file_list = glob.glob(file_pattern, recursive=True)
-
-    # Add the config file to the list of files to be migrated.
-    file_list.append(constants.Config.FILE)
-
-    # Migrate all files.
-    updates = {
-        "Pynecone": "Reflex",
-        "pynecone as pc": "reflex as rx",
-        "pynecone.io": "reflex.dev",
-        "pynecone": "reflex",
-        "pc.": "rx.",
-        "pcconfig": "rxconfig",
-    }
-    for file_path in file_list:
-        with FileInput(file_path, inplace=True) as file:
-            for line in file:
-                for old, new in updates.items():
-                    line = line.replace(old, new)
-                print(line, end="")
-
-
 def fetch_app_templates(version: str) -> dict[str, Template]:
     """Fetch a dict of templates from the templates repo using github API.
 
@@ -1401,7 +1354,7 @@ def initialize_app(app_name: str, template: str | None = None):
     from reflex.utils import telemetry
 
     # Check if the app is already initialized.
-    if os.path.exists(constants.Config.FILE):
+    if constants.Config.FILE.exists():
         telemetry.send("reinit")
         return
 

reflex/utils/processes.py

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def new_process(args, run: bool = False, show_logs: bool = False, **kwargs):
     Raises:
         Exit: When attempting to run a command with a None value.
     """
-    node_bin_path = path_ops.get_node_bin_path()
+    node_bin_path = str(path_ops.get_node_bin_path())
     if not node_bin_path and not prerequisites.CURRENTLY_INSTALLING_NODE:
         console.warn(
             "The path to the Node binary could not be found. Please ensure that Node is properly "
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ def new_process(args, run: bool = False, show_logs: bool = False, **kwargs):
         console.error(f"Invalid command: {args}")
         raise typer.Exit(1)
     # Add the node bin path to the PATH environment variable.
-    env = {
+    env: dict[str, str] = {
         **os.environ,
         "PATH": os.pathsep.join(
             [node_bin_path if node_bin_path else "", os.environ["PATH"]]

tests/integration/test_urls.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import pytest
 import requests
 
 
-def check_urls(repo_dir):
+def check_urls(repo_dir: Path):
     """Check that all URLs in the repo are valid and secure.
 
     Args:
@@ -21,33 +21,33 @@ def check_urls(repo_dir):
     errors = []
 
     for root, _dirs, files in os.walk(repo_dir):
-        if "__pycache__" in root:
+        root = Path(root)
+        if root.stem == "__pycache__":
             continue
 
         for file_name in files:
             if not file_name.endswith(".py") and not file_name.endswith(".md"):
                 continue
 
-            file_path = os.path.join(root, file_name)
+            file_path = root / file_name
             try:
-                with open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf-8", errors="ignore") as file:
-                    for line in file:
-                        urls = url_pattern.findall(line)
-                        for url in set(urls):
-                            if url.startswith("http://"):
-                                errors.append(
-                                    f"Found insecure HTTP URL: {url} in {file_path}"
-                                )
-                            url = url.strip('"\n')
-                            try:
-                                response = requests.head(
-                                    url, allow_redirects=True, timeout=5
-                                )
-                                response.raise_for_status()
-                            except requests.RequestException as e:
-                                errors.append(
-                                    f"Error accessing URL: {url} in {file_path} | Error: {e}, , Check your path ends with a /"
-                                )
+                for line in file_path.read_text().splitlines():
+                    urls = url_pattern.findall(line)
+                    for url in set(urls):
+                        if url.startswith("http://"):
+                            errors.append(
+                                f"Found insecure HTTP URL: {url} in {file_path}"
+                            )
+                        url = url.strip('"\n')
+                        try:
+                            response = requests.head(
+                                url, allow_redirects=True, timeout=5
+                            )
+                            response.raise_for_status()
+                        except requests.RequestException as e:
+                            errors.append(
+                                f"Error accessing URL: {url} in {file_path} | Error: {e}, , Check your path ends with a /"
+                            )
             except Exception as e:
                 errors.append(f"Error reading file: {file_path} | Error: {e}")
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ def check_urls(repo_dir):
     "repo_dir",
     [Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent / "reflex"],
 )
-def test_find_and_check_urls(repo_dir):
+def test_find_and_check_urls(repo_dir: Path):
     """Test that all URLs in the repo are valid and secure.
 
     Args:

tests/units/compiler/test_compiler.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import os
+from pathlib import Path
 from typing import List
 
 import pytest
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def test_compile_stylesheets(tmp_path, mocker):
     ]
 
     assert compiler.compile_root_stylesheet(stylesheets) == (
-        os.path.join(".web", "styles", "styles.css"),
+        str(Path(".web") / "styles" / "styles.css"),
         f"@import url('./tailwind.css'); \n"
         f"@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Sofia&effect=neon|outline|emboss|shadow-multiple'); \n"
         f"@import url('https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.3.7/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css'); \n"
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ def test_compile_stylesheets_exclude_tailwind(tmp_path, mocker):
     ]
 
     assert compiler.compile_root_stylesheet(stylesheets) == (
-        os.path.join(".web", "styles", "styles.css"),
+        str(Path(".web") / "styles" / "styles.css"),
         "@import url('../public/styles.css'); \n",
     )
 

tests/units/test_config.py

@@ -192,4 +192,4 @@ def test_reflex_dir_env_var(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
 
     mp_ctx = multiprocessing.get_context(method="spawn")
     with mp_ctx.Pool(processes=1) as pool:
-        assert pool.apply(reflex_dir_constant) == str(tmp_path)
+        assert pool.apply(reflex_dir_constant) == tmp_path

tests/units/test_telemetry.py

@@ -52,4 +52,4 @@ def test_send(mocker, event):
     telemetry._send(event, telemetry_enabled=True)
     httpx_post_mock.assert_called_once()
 
-    pathlib_path_read_text_mock.assert_called_once()
+    assert pathlib_path_read_text_mock.call_count == 2

tests/units/utils/test_utils.py

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ def test_remove_existing_bun_installation(mocker):
     Args:
         mocker: Pytest mocker.
     """
-    mocker.patch("reflex.utils.prerequisites.os.path.exists", return_value=True)
+    mocker.patch("reflex.utils.prerequisites.Path.exists", return_value=True)
     rm = mocker.patch("reflex.utils.prerequisites.path_ops.rm", mocker.Mock())
 
     prerequisites.remove_existing_bun_installation()
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ def test_bun_install_without_unzip(mocker):
         mocker: Pytest mocker object.
     """
     mocker.patch("reflex.utils.path_ops.which", return_value=None)
-    mocker.patch("os.path.exists", return_value=False)
+    mocker.patch("pathlib.Path.exists", return_value=False)
     mocker.patch("reflex.utils.prerequisites.constants.IS_WINDOWS", False)
 
     with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ def test_bun_install_version(mocker, bun_version):
 
     """
     mocker.patch("reflex.utils.prerequisites.constants.IS_WINDOWS", False)
-    mocker.patch("os.path.exists", return_value=True)
+    mocker.patch("pathlib.Path.exists", return_value=True)
     mocker.patch(
         "reflex.utils.prerequisites.get_bun_version",
         return_value=version.parse(bun_version),