reflex/pynecone/state.py

"""Define the pynecone state specification."""
from __future__ import annotations

import asyncio
import copy
import functools
import traceback
from abc import ABC
from collections import defaultdict
from typing import (
    Any,
    Callable,
    ClassVar,
    Dict,
    List,
    Optional,
    Sequence,
    Set,
    Type,
    Union,
)

import cloudpickle
import pydantic
from redis import Redis

from pynecone import constants
from pynecone.base import Base
from pynecone.event import Event, EventHandler, fix_events, window_alert
from pynecone.utils import format, prerequisites, types
from pynecone.var import BaseVar, ComputedVar, PCDict, PCList, Var

Delta = Dict[str, Any]


class State(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
    """The state of the app."""

    # A map from the var name to the var.
    vars: ClassVar[Dict[str, Var]] = {}

    # The base vars of the class.
    base_vars: ClassVar[Dict[str, BaseVar]] = {}

    # The computed vars of the class.
    computed_vars: ClassVar[Dict[str, ComputedVar]] = {}

    # Vars inherited by the parent state.
    inherited_vars: ClassVar[Dict[str, Var]] = {}

    # Backend vars that are never sent to the client.
    backend_vars: ClassVar[Dict[str, Any]] = {}

    # Backend vars inherited
    inherited_backend_vars: ClassVar[Dict[str, Any]] = {}

    # The event handlers.
    event_handlers: ClassVar[Dict[str, EventHandler]] = {}

    # The parent state.
    parent_state: Optional[State] = None

    # The substates of the state.
    substates: Dict[str, State] = {}

    # The set of dirty vars.
    dirty_vars: Set[str] = set()

    # The set of dirty substates.
    dirty_substates: Set[str] = set()

    # The routing path that triggered the state
    router_data: Dict[str, Any] = {}

    # Mapping of var name to set of computed variables that depend on it
    computed_var_dependencies: Dict[str, Set[str]] = {}

    # Per-instance copy of backend variable values
    _backend_vars: Dict[str, Any] = {}

    def __init__(self, *args, parent_state: Optional[State] = None, **kwargs):
        """Initialize the state.

        Args:
            *args: The args to pass to the Pydantic init method.
            parent_state: The parent state.
            **kwargs: The kwargs to pass to the Pydantic init method.
        """
        kwargs["parent_state"] = parent_state
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

        # Setup the substates.
        for substate in self.get_substates():
            self.substates[substate.get_name()] = substate(parent_state=self)

        # Convert the event handlers to functions.
        for name, event_handler in self.event_handlers.items():
            fn = functools.partial(event_handler.fn, self)
            fn.__module__ = event_handler.fn.__module__  # type: ignore
            fn.__qualname__ = event_handler.fn.__qualname__  # type: ignore
            setattr(self, name, fn)

        # Initialize computed vars dependencies.
        self.computed_var_dependencies = defaultdict(set)
        for cvar_name, cvar in self.computed_vars.items():
            # Add the dependencies.
            for var in cvar.deps():
                self.computed_var_dependencies[var].add(cvar_name)

        # Initialize the mutable fields.
        self._init_mutable_fields()

        # Create a fresh copy of the backend variables for this instance
        self._backend_vars = copy.deepcopy(self.backend_vars)

    def _init_mutable_fields(self):
        """Initialize mutable fields.

        So that mutation to them can be detected by the app:
        * list
        """
        for field in self.base_vars.values():
            value = getattr(self, field.name)

            value_in_pc_data = _convert_mutable_datatypes(
                value, self._reassign_field, field.name
            )

            if types._issubclass(field.type_, Union[List, Dict]):
                setattr(self, field.name, value_in_pc_data)

        self.clean()

    def _reassign_field(self, field_name: str):
        """Reassign the given field.

        Primarily for mutation in fields of mutable data types.

        Args:
            field_name: The name of the field we want to reassign
        """
        setattr(
            self,
            field_name,
            getattr(self, field_name),
        )

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """Get the string representation of the state.

        Returns:
            The string representation of the state.
        """
        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.dict()})"

    @classmethod
    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
        """Do some magic for the subclass initialization.

        Args:
            **kwargs: The kwargs to pass to the pydantic init_subclass method.
        """
        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)

        # Get the parent vars.
        parent_state = cls.get_parent_state()
        if parent_state is not None:
            cls.inherited_vars = parent_state.vars
            cls.inherited_backend_vars = parent_state.backend_vars

        cls.new_backend_vars = {
            name: value
            for name, value in cls.__dict__.items()
            if types.is_backend_variable(name)
            and name not in cls.inherited_backend_vars
        }

        cls.backend_vars = {**cls.inherited_backend_vars, **cls.new_backend_vars}

        # Set the base and computed vars.
        cls.base_vars = {
            f.name: BaseVar(name=f.name, type_=f.outer_type_).set_state(cls)
            for f in cls.get_fields().values()
            if f.name not in cls.get_skip_vars()
        }
        cls.computed_vars = {
            v.name: v.set_state(cls)
            for v in cls.__dict__.values()
            if isinstance(v, ComputedVar)
        }
        cls.vars = {
            **cls.inherited_vars,
            **cls.base_vars,
            **cls.computed_vars,
        }
        cls.event_handlers = {}

        # Setup the base vars at the class level.
        for prop in cls.base_vars.values():
            cls._init_var(prop)

        # Set up the event handlers.
        events = {
            name: fn
            for name, fn in cls.__dict__.items()
            if not name.startswith("_")
            and isinstance(fn, Callable)
            and not isinstance(fn, EventHandler)
        }
        for name, fn in events.items():
            handler = EventHandler(fn=fn)
            cls.event_handlers[name] = handler
            setattr(cls, name, handler)

    @classmethod
    def get_skip_vars(cls) -> Set[str]:
        """Get the vars to skip when serializing.

        Returns:
            The vars to skip when serializing.
        """
        return set(cls.inherited_vars) | {
            "parent_state",
            "substates",
            "dirty_vars",
            "dirty_substates",
            "router_data",
            "computed_var_dependencies",
            "_backend_vars",
        }

    @classmethod
    @functools.lru_cache()
    def get_parent_state(cls) -> Optional[Type[State]]:
        """Get the parent state.

        Returns:
            The parent state.
        """
        parent_states = [
            base
            for base in cls.__bases__
            if types._issubclass(base, State) and base is not State
        ]
        assert len(parent_states) < 2, "Only one parent state is allowed."
        return parent_states[0] if len(parent_states) == 1 else None  # type: ignore

    @classmethod
    @functools.lru_cache()
    def get_substates(cls) -> Set[Type[State]]:
        """Get the substates of the state.

        Returns:
            The substates of the state.
        """
        return set(cls.__subclasses__())

    @classmethod
    @functools.lru_cache()
    def get_name(cls) -> str:
        """Get the name of the state.

        Returns:
            The name of the state.
        """
        return format.to_snake_case(cls.__name__)

    @classmethod
    @functools.lru_cache()
    def get_full_name(cls) -> str:
        """Get the full name of the state.

        Returns:
            The full name of the state.
        """
        name = cls.get_name()
        parent_state = cls.get_parent_state()
        if parent_state is not None:
            name = ".".join((parent_state.get_full_name(), name))
        return name

    @classmethod
    @functools.lru_cache()
    def get_class_substate(cls, path: Sequence[str]) -> Type[State]:
        """Get the class substate.

        Args:
            path: The path to the substate.

        Returns:
            The class substate.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the substate is not found.
        """
        if len(path) == 0:
            return cls
        if path[0] == cls.get_name():
            if len(path) == 1:
                return cls
            path = path[1:]
        for substate in cls.get_substates():
            if path[0] == substate.get_name():
                return substate.get_class_substate(path[1:])
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid path: {path}")

    @classmethod
    def get_class_var(cls, path: Sequence[str]) -> Any:
        """Get the class var.

        Args:
            path: The path to the var.

        Returns:
            The class var.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the path is invalid.
        """
        path, name = path[:-1], path[-1]
        substate = cls.get_class_substate(tuple(path))
        if not hasattr(substate, name):
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid path: {path}")
        return getattr(substate, name)

    @classmethod
    def _init_var(cls, prop: BaseVar):
        """Initialize a variable.

        Args:
            prop (BaseVar): The variable to initialize

        Raises:
            TypeError: if the variable has an incorrect type
        """
        if not types.is_valid_var_type(prop.type_):
            raise TypeError(
                "State vars must be primitive Python types, "
                "Plotly figures, Pandas dataframes, "
                "or subclasses of pc.Base. "
                f'Found var "{prop.name}" with type {prop.type_}.'
            )
        cls._set_var(prop)
        cls._create_setter(prop)
        cls._set_default_value(prop)

    @classmethod
    def add_var(cls, name: str, type_: Any, default_value: Any = None):
        """Add dynamically a variable to the State.

        The variable added this way can be used in the same way as a variable
        defined statically in the model.

        Args:
            name: The name of the variable
            type_: The type of the variable
            default_value: The default value of the variable

        Raises:
            NameError: if a variable of this name already exists
        """
        if name in cls.__fields__:
            raise NameError(
                f"The variable '{name}' already exist. Use a different name"
            )

        # create the variable based on name and type
        var = BaseVar(name=name, type_=type_)
        var.set_state(cls)

        # add the pydantic field dynamically (must be done before _init_var)
        cls.add_field(var, default_value)

        cls._init_var(var)

        # update the internal dicts so the new variable is correctly handled
        cls.base_vars.update({name: var})
        cls.vars.update({name: var})

    @classmethod
    def _set_var(cls, prop: BaseVar):
        """Set the var as a class member.

        Args:
            prop: The var instance to set.
        """
        setattr(cls, prop.name, prop)

    @classmethod
    def _create_setter(cls, prop: BaseVar):
        """Create a setter for the var.

        Args:
            prop: The var to create a setter for.
        """
        setter_name = prop.get_setter_name(include_state=False)
        if setter_name not in cls.__dict__:
            event_handler = EventHandler(fn=prop.get_setter())
            cls.event_handlers[setter_name] = event_handler
            setattr(cls, setter_name, event_handler)

    @classmethod
    def _set_default_value(cls, prop: BaseVar):
        """Set the default value for the var.

        Args:
            prop: The var to set the default value for.
        """
        # Get the pydantic field for the var.
        field = cls.get_fields()[prop.name]
        default_value = prop.get_default_value()
        if field.required and default_value is not None:
            field.required = False
            field.default = default_value

    def get_token(self) -> str:
        """Return the token of the client associated with this state.

        Returns:
            The token of the client.
        """
        return self.router_data.get(constants.RouteVar.CLIENT_TOKEN, "")

    def get_sid(self) -> str:
        """Return the session ID of the client associated with this state.

        Returns:
            The session ID of the client.
        """
        return self.router_data.get(constants.RouteVar.SESSION_ID, "")

    def get_headers(self) -> Dict:
        """Return the headers of the client associated with this state.

        Returns:
            The headers of the client.
        """
        return self.router_data.get(constants.RouteVar.HEADERS, {})

    def get_client_ip(self) -> str:
        """Return the IP of the client associated with this state.

        Returns:
            The IP of the client.
        """
        return self.router_data.get(constants.RouteVar.CLIENT_IP, "")

    def get_current_page(self) -> str:
        """Obtain the path of current page from the router data.

        Returns:
            The current page.
        """
        return self.router_data.get(constants.RouteVar.PATH, "")

    def get_query_params(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
        """Obtain the query parameters for the queried page.

        The query object contains both the URI parameters and the GET parameters.

        Returns:
            The dict of query parameters.
        """
        return self.router_data.get(constants.RouteVar.QUERY, {})

    @classmethod
    def setup_dynamic_args(cls, args: dict[str, str]):
        """Set up args for easy access in renderer.

        Args:
            args: a dict of args
        """

        def argsingle_factory(param):
            @ComputedVar
            def inner_func(self) -> str:
                return self.get_query_params().get(param, "")

            return inner_func

        def arglist_factory(param):
            @ComputedVar
            def inner_func(self) -> List:
                return self.get_query_params().get(param, [])

            return inner_func

        for param, value in args.items():
            if value == constants.RouteArgType.SINGLE:
                func = argsingle_factory(param)
            elif value == constants.RouteArgType.LIST:
                func = arglist_factory(param)
            else:
                continue
            # link dynamically created ComputedVar to this state class for dep determination
            func.__objclass__ = cls
            func.fget.__name__ = param
            cls.vars[param] = cls.computed_vars[param] = func.set_state(cls)  # type: ignore
            setattr(cls, param, func)

    def __getattribute__(self, name: str) -> Any:
        """Get the state var.

        If the var is inherited, get the var from the parent state.

        Args:
            name: The name of the var.

        Returns:
            The value of the var.
        """
        # If the state hasn't been initialized yet, return the default value.
        if not super().__getattribute__("__dict__"):
            return super().__getattribute__(name)

        inherited_vars = {
            **super().__getattribute__("inherited_vars"),
            **super().__getattribute__("inherited_backend_vars"),
        }
        if name in inherited_vars:
            return getattr(super().__getattribute__("parent_state"), name)
        elif name in super().__getattribute__("_backend_vars"):
            return super().__getattribute__("_backend_vars").__getitem__(name)
        return super().__getattribute__(name)

    def __setattr__(self, name: str, value: Any):
        """Set the attribute.

        If the attribute is inherited, set the attribute on the parent state.

        Args:
            name: The name of the attribute.
            value: The value of the attribute.
        """
        # Set the var on the parent state.
        inherited_vars = {**self.inherited_vars, **self.inherited_backend_vars}
        if name in inherited_vars:
            setattr(self.parent_state, name, value)
            return

        if types.is_backend_variable(name) and name != "_backend_vars":
            self._backend_vars.__setitem__(name, value)
            self.dirty_vars.add(name)
            self.mark_dirty()
            return

        # Set the attribute.
        super().__setattr__(name, value)

        # Add the var to the dirty list.
        if name in self.vars or name in self.computed_var_dependencies:
            self.dirty_vars.add(name)
            self.mark_dirty()

    def reset(self):
        """Reset all the base vars to their default values."""
        # Reset the base vars.
        fields = self.get_fields()
        for prop_name in self.base_vars:
            setattr(self, prop_name, fields[prop_name].default)

        # Recursively reset the substates.
        for substate in self.substates.values():
            substate.reset()

        # Clean the state.
        self.clean()

    def get_substate(self, path: Sequence[str]) -> Optional[State]:
        """Get the substate.

        Args:
            path: The path to the substate.

        Returns:
            The substate.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the substate is not found.
        """
        if len(path) == 0:
            return self
        if path[0] == self.get_name():
            if len(path) == 1:
                return self
            path = path[1:]
        if path[0] not in self.substates:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid path: {path}")
        return self.substates[path[0]].get_substate(path[1:])

    async def _process(self, event: Event) -> StateUpdate:
        """Obtain event info and process event.

        Args:
            event: The event to process.

        Returns:
            The state update after processing the event.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the state value is None.
        """
        # Get the event handler.
        path = event.name.split(".")
        path, name = path[:-1], path[-1]
        substate = self.get_substate(path)
        handler = substate.event_handlers[name]  # type: ignore

        if not substate:
            raise ValueError(
                "The value of state cannot be None when processing an event."
            )

        return await self._process_event(
            handler=handler,
            state=substate,
            payload=event.payload,
            token=event.token,
        )

    async def _process_event(
        self, handler: EventHandler, state: State, payload: Dict, token: str
    ) -> StateUpdate:
        """Process event.

        Args:
            handler: Eventhandler to process.
            state: State to process the handler.
            payload: The event payload.
            token: Client token.

        Returns:
            The state update after processing the event.
        """
        fn = functools.partial(handler.fn, state)
        try:
            if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(fn.func):
                events = await fn(**payload)
            else:
                events = fn(**payload)
        except Exception:
            error = traceback.format_exc()
            print(error)
            events = fix_events(
                [window_alert("An error occurred. See logs for details.")], token
            )
            return StateUpdate(events=events)

        # Fix the returned events.
        events = fix_events(events, token)

        # Get the delta after processing the event.
        delta = self.get_delta()

        # Reset the dirty vars.
        self.clean()

        # Return the state update.
        return StateUpdate(delta=delta, events=events)

    def _mark_dirty_computed_vars(self) -> None:
        """Mark ComputedVars that need to be recalculated based on dirty_vars."""
        # Mark all ComputedVars as dirty.
        for cvar in self.computed_vars.values():
            cvar.mark_dirty(instance=self)

        # TODO: Uncomment the actual implementation below.
        # dirty_vars = self.dirty_vars
        # while dirty_vars:
        #     calc_vars, dirty_vars = dirty_vars, set()
        #     for cvar in self._dirty_computed_vars(from_vars=calc_vars):
        #         self.dirty_vars.add(cvar)
        #         dirty_vars.add(cvar)
        #         actual_var = self.computed_vars.get(cvar)
        #         if actual_var:
        #             actual_var.mark_dirty(instance=self)

    def _dirty_computed_vars(self, from_vars: Optional[Set[str]] = None) -> Set[str]:
        """Determine ComputedVars that need to be recalculated based on the given vars.

        Args:
            from_vars: find ComputedVar that depend on this set of vars. If unspecified, will use the dirty_vars.

        Returns:
            Set of computed vars to include in the delta.
        """
        return set(self.computed_vars)
        # TODO: Uncomment the actual implementation below.
        # return set(
        #     cvar
        #     for dirty_var in from_vars or self.dirty_vars
        #     for cvar in self.computed_var_dependencies[dirty_var]
        # )

    def get_delta(self) -> Delta:
        """Get the delta for the state.

        Returns:
            The delta for the state.
        """
        delta = {}

        # Recursively find the substate deltas.
        substates = self.substates
        for substate in self.dirty_substates:
            delta.update(substates[substate].get_delta())

        # Return the dirty vars and dependent computed vars
        self._mark_dirty_computed_vars()
        delta_vars = self.dirty_vars.intersection(self.base_vars).union(
            self._dirty_computed_vars()
        )
        subdelta = {
            prop: getattr(self, prop)
            for prop in delta_vars
            if not types.is_backend_variable(prop)
        }
        if len(subdelta) > 0:
            delta[self.get_full_name()] = subdelta

        # Format the delta.
        delta = format.format_state(delta)

        # Return the delta.
        return delta

    def mark_dirty(self):
        """Mark the substate and all parent states as dirty."""
        if self.parent_state is not None:
            self.parent_state.dirty_substates.add(self.get_name())
            self.parent_state.mark_dirty()

        # have to mark computed vars dirty to allow access to newly computed
        # values within the same ComputedVar function
        self._mark_dirty_computed_vars()

    def clean(self):
        """Reset the dirty vars."""
        # Recursively clean the substates.
        for substate in self.dirty_substates:
            self.substates[substate].clean()

        # Clean this state.
        self.dirty_vars = set()
        self.dirty_substates = set()

    def dict(self, include_computed: bool = True, **kwargs) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        """Convert the object to a dictionary.

        Args:
            include_computed: Whether to include computed vars.
            **kwargs: Kwargs to pass to the pydantic dict method.

        Returns:
            The object as a dictionary.
        """
        base_vars = {
            prop_name: self.get_value(getattr(self, prop_name))
            for prop_name in self.base_vars
        }
        computed_vars = (
            {
                # Include the computed vars.
                prop_name: self.get_value(getattr(self, prop_name))
                for prop_name in self.computed_vars
            }
            if include_computed
            else {}
        )
        substate_vars = {
            k: v.dict(include_computed=include_computed, **kwargs)
            for k, v in self.substates.items()
        }
        variables = {**base_vars, **computed_vars, **substate_vars}
        return {k: variables[k] for k in sorted(variables)}


class DefaultState(State):
    """The default empty state."""

    pass


class StateUpdate(Base):
    """A state update sent to the frontend."""

    # The state delta.
    delta: Delta = {}

    # Events to be added to the event queue.
    events: List[Event] = []


class StateManager(Base):
    """A class to manage many client states."""

    # The state class to use.
    state: Type[State] = DefaultState

    # The mapping of client ids to states.
    states: Dict[str, State] = {}

    # The token expiration time (s).
    token_expiration: int = constants.TOKEN_EXPIRATION

    # The redis client to use.
    redis: Optional[Redis] = None

    def setup(self, state: Type[State]):
        """Set up the state manager.

        Args:
            state: The state class to use.
        """
        self.state = state
        self.redis = prerequisites.get_redis()

    def get_state(self, token: str) -> State:
        """Get the state for a token.

        Args:
            token: The token to get the state for.

        Returns:
            The state for the token.
        """
        if self.redis is not None:
            redis_state = self.redis.get(token)
            if redis_state is None:
                self.set_state(token, self.state())
                return self.get_state(token)
            return cloudpickle.loads(redis_state)

        if token not in self.states:
            self.states[token] = self.state()
        return self.states[token]

    def set_state(self, token: str, state: State):
        """Set the state for a token.

        Args:
            token: The token to set the state for.
            state: The state to set.
        """
        if self.redis is None:
            return
        self.redis.set(token, cloudpickle.dumps(state), ex=self.token_expiration)


def _convert_mutable_datatypes(
    field_value: Any, reassign_field: Callable, field_name: str
) -> Any:
    """Recursively convert mutable data to the Pc data types.

    Note: right now only list & dict would be handled recursively.

    Args:
        field_value: The target field_value.
        reassign_field:
            The function to reassign the field in the parent state.
        field_name: the name of the field in the parent state

    Returns:
        The converted field_value
    """
    if isinstance(field_value, list):
        for index in range(len(field_value)):
            field_value[index] = _convert_mutable_datatypes(
                field_value[index], reassign_field, field_name
            )

        field_value = PCList(
            field_value, reassign_field=reassign_field, field_name=field_name
        )

    if isinstance(field_value, dict):
        for key, value in field_value.items():
            field_value[key] = _convert_mutable_datatypes(
                value, reassign_field, field_name
            )
        field_value = PCDict(
            field_value, reassign_field=reassign_field, field_name=field_name
        )
    return field_value