[REF-2089] Use dill instead of cloudpickle for serialization (#2922)

* Use dill instead of cloudpickle for serialization

* smaller size pickles
* support dynamically defined states
* avoid issues with unpickleable globals

* pyproject: add dill, remove cloudpickle

* poetry.lock: relock dependencies

* Dynamically convert EventHandler to functools.partial

Instead of converting the functions up front and assigning them to the
instance, unbox the function from the EventHandler when it is requested via
__getattribute__. This reduces the size of the per-instance pickle, because
event handler bodies do not need to be included.

* Improve checking for cython_function_or_method

Because pydantic can be installed without cython, only use the workaround in
the case where the BaseModel.validate function is NOT a FunctionType,
indicating it's a cython function.

* Serialize all State subclasses by reference

poetry.lock

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.7.1 and should not be changed by hand.
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 1.5.1 and should not be changed by hand.
 
 [[package]]
 name = "alembic"
@@ -132,18 +132,18 @@ uvloop = ["uvloop (>=0.15.2)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "build"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.1.1"
 description = "A simple, correct Python build frontend"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">= 3.7"
 files = [
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+    {file = "build-1.1.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:8ed0851ee76e6e38adce47e4bee3b51c771d86c64cf578d0c2245567ee200e73"},
+    {file = "build-1.1.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8eea65bb45b1aac2e734ba2cc8dad3a6d97d97901a395bd0ed3e7b46953d2a31"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 colorama = {version = "*", markers = "os_name == \"nt\""}
-importlib-metadata = {version = ">=4.6", markers = "python_version < \"3.10\""}
+importlib-metadata = {version = ">=4.6", markers = "python_full_version < \"3.10.2\""}
 packaging = ">=19.0"
 pyproject_hooks = "*"
 tomli = {version = ">=1.1.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
@@ -353,17 +353,6 @@ files = [
 [package.dependencies]
 colorama = {version = "*", markers = "platform_system == \"Windows\""}
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cloudpickle"
-version = "2.2.1"
-description = "Extended pickling support for Python objects"
-optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.6"
-files = [
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-    {file = "cloudpickle-2.2.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:d89684b8de9e34a2a43b3460fbca07d09d6e25ce858df4d5a44240403b6178f5"},
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "colorama"
 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -377,63 +366,63 @@ files = [
 
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 name = "coverage"
-version = "7.4.1"
+version = "7.4.4"
 description = "Code coverage measurement for Python"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
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 [package.dependencies]
@@ -507,6 +496,21 @@ files = [
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 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "dill"
+version = "0.3.8"
+description = "serialize all of Python"
+optional = false
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+files = [
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+]
+
+[package.extras]
+graph = ["objgraph (>=1.7.2)"]
+profile = ["gprof2dot (>=2022.7.29)"]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "distlib"
 version = "0.3.8"
@@ -705,13 +709,13 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "httpcore"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.4"
 description = "A minimal low-level HTTP client."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -722,17 +726,17 @@ h11 = ">=0.13,<0.15"
 asyncio = ["anyio (>=4.0,<5.0)"]
 http2 = ["h2 (>=3,<5)"]
 socks = ["socksio (==1.*)"]
-trio = ["trio (>=0.22.0,<0.24.0)"]
+trio = ["trio (>=0.22.0,<0.25.0)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "httpx"
-version = "0.25.2"
+version = "0.27.0"
 description = "The next generation HTTP client."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -775,32 +779,32 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "importlib-metadata"
-version = "7.0.1"
+version = "7.1.0"
 description = "Read metadata from Python packages"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 [package.dependencies]
 zipp = ">=0.5"
 
 [package.extras]
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+docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9.3)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-lint"]
 perf = ["ipython"]
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 [[package]]
 name = "importlib-resources"
-version = "6.1.1"
+version = "6.4.0"
 description = "Read resources from Python packages"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -808,7 +812,7 @@ zipp = {version = ">=3.1.0", markers = "python_version < \"3.10\""}
 
 [package.extras]
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+testing = ["jaraco.test (>=5.4)", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=2.2)", "pytest-mypy", "pytest-ruff (>=0.2.1)", "zipp (>=3.17)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iniconfig"
@@ -1232,40 +1236,40 @@ test = ["hypothesis (>=5.5.3)", "pytest (>=6.0)", "pytest-xdist (>=1.31)"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pandas"
-version = "2.2.0"
+version = "2.2.1"
 description = "Powerful data structures for data analysis, time series, and statistics"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.9"
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1297,6 +1301,7 @@ parquet = ["pyarrow (>=10.0.1)"]
 performance = ["bottleneck (>=1.3.6)", "numba (>=0.56.4)", "numexpr (>=2.8.4)"]
 plot = ["matplotlib (>=3.6.3)"]
 postgresql = ["SQLAlchemy (>=2.0.0)", "adbc-driver-postgresql (>=0.8.0)", "psycopg2 (>=2.9.6)"]
+pyarrow = ["pyarrow (>=10.0.1)"]
 spss = ["pyreadstat (>=1.2.0)"]
 sql-other = ["SQLAlchemy (>=2.0.0)", "adbc-driver-postgresql (>=0.8.0)", "adbc-driver-sqlite (>=0.8.0)"]
 test = ["hypothesis (>=6.46.1)", "pytest (>=7.3.2)", "pytest-xdist (>=2.2.0)"]
@@ -1400,13 +1405,13 @@ xmp = ["defusedxml"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pipdeptree"
-version = "2.15.1"
+version = "2.16.1"
 description = "Command line utility to show dependency tree of packages."
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
@@ -1459,13 +1464,13 @@ test = ["appdirs (==1.4.4)", "covdefaults (>=2.3)", "pytest (>=7.4)", "pytest-co
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotly"
-version = "5.19.0"
+version = "5.20.0"
 description = "An open-source, interactive data visualization library for Python"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1746,30 +1751,30 @@ testing = ["fields", "hunter", "process-tests", "pytest-xdist", "six", "virtuale
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pytest-mock"
-version = "3.12.0"
+version = "3.14.0"
 description = "Thin-wrapper around the mock package for easier use with pytest"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
-pytest = ">=5.0"
+pytest = ">=6.2.5"
 
 [package.extras]
 dev = ["pre-commit", "pytest-asyncio", "tox"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "python-dateutil"
-version = "2.8.2"
+version = "2.9.0.post0"
 description = "Extensions to the standard Python datetime module"
 optional = false
 python-versions = "!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,>=2.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -1937,18 +1942,18 @@ ocsp = ["cryptography (>=36.0.1)", "pyopenssl (==20.0.1)", "requests (>=2.26.0)"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "reflex-hosting-cli"
-version = "0.1.8"
+version = "0.1.9"
 description = "Reflex Hosting CLI"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8,<4.0"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
 charset-normalizer = ">=3.3.2,<4.0.0"
-httpx = ">=0.24.0,<0.26.0"
+httpx = ">=0.25.1"
 pipdeptree = ">=2.13.1,<3.0.0"
 pipreqs = ">=0.4.13,<0.5.0"
 platformdirs = ">=3.10.0,<4.0.0"
@@ -2010,13 +2015,13 @@ idna2008 = ["idna"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rich"
-version = "13.7.0"
+version = "13.7.1"
 description = "Render rich text, tables, progress bars, syntax highlighting, markdown and more to the terminal"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7.0"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2069,13 +2074,13 @@ jeepney = ">=0.6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "selenium"
-version = "4.18.0"
+version = "4.18.1"
 description = ""
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2087,18 +2092,18 @@ urllib3 = {version = ">=1.26,<3", extras = ["socks"]}
 
 [[package]]
 name = "setuptools"
-version = "69.1.1"
+version = "69.2.0"
 description = "Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [package.extras]
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+testing = ["build[virtualenv]", "filelock (>=3.4.0)", "importlib-metadata", "ini2toml[lite] (>=0.9)", "jaraco.develop (>=7.21)", "jaraco.envs (>=2.2)", "jaraco.path (>=3.2.0)", "mypy (==1.9)", "packaging (>=23.2)", "pip (>=19.1)", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=2.2)", "pytest-home (>=0.5)", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)", "pytest-perf", "pytest-ruff (>=0.2.1)", "pytest-timeout", "pytest-xdist (>=3)", "tomli", "tomli-w (>=1.0.0)", "virtualenv (>=13.0.0)", "wheel"]
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 [[package]]
@@ -2131,13 +2136,13 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sniffio"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.3.1"
 description = "Sniff out which async library your code is running under"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2153,64 +2158,64 @@ files = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlalchemy"
-version = "2.0.27"
+version = "2.0.28"
 description = "Database Abstraction Library"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
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 name = "typing-extensions"
-version = "4.9.0"
+version = "4.10.0"
 description = "Backported and Experimental Type Hints for Python 3.8+"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.9.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:af72aea155e91adfc61c3ae9e0e342dbc0cba726d6cba4b6c72c1f34e47291cd"},
-    {file = "typing_extensions-4.9.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:23478f88c37f27d76ac8aee6c905017a143b0b1b886c3c9f66bc2fd94f9f5783"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.10.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:69b1a937c3a517342112fb4c6df7e72fc39a38e7891a5730ed4985b5214b5475"},
+    {file = "typing_extensions-4.10.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:b0abd7c89e8fb96f98db18d86106ff1d90ab692004eb746cf6eda2682f91b3cb"},
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2513,13 +2518,13 @@ standard = ["colorama (>=0.4)", "httptools (>=0.5.0)", "python-dotenv (>=0.13)",
 
 [[package]]
 name = "virtualenv"
-version = "20.25.0"
+version = "20.25.1"
 description = "Virtual Python Environment builder"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.7"
 files = [
-    {file = "virtualenv-20.25.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:4238949c5ffe6876362d9c0180fc6c3a824a7b12b80604eeb8085f2ed7460de3"},
-    {file = "virtualenv-20.25.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:bf51c0d9c7dd63ea8e44086fa1e4fb1093a31e963b86959257378aef020e1f1b"},
+    {file = "virtualenv-20.25.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:961c026ac520bac5f69acb8ea063e8a4f071bcc9457b9c1f28f6b085c511583a"},
+    {file = "virtualenv-20.25.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:e08e13ecdca7a0bd53798f356d5831434afa5b07b93f0abdf0797b7a06ffe197"},
 ]
 
 [package.dependencies]
@@ -2809,20 +2814,20 @@ requests = "*"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zipp"
-version = "3.17.0"
+version = "3.18.1"
 description = "Backport of pathlib-compatible object wrapper for zip files"
 optional = false
 python-versions = ">=3.8"
 files = [
-    {file = "zipp-3.17.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:0e923e726174922dce09c53c59ad483ff7bbb8e572e00c7f7c46b88556409f31"},
-    {file = "zipp-3.17.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:84e64a1c28cf7e91ed2078bb8cc8c259cb19b76942096c8d7b84947690cabaf0"},
+    {file = "zipp-3.18.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:206f5a15f2af3dbaee80769fb7dc6f249695e940acca08dfb2a4769fe61e538b"},
+    {file = "zipp-3.18.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:2884ed22e7d8961de1c9a05142eb69a247f120291bc0206a00a7642f09b5b715"},
 ]
 
 [package.extras]
-docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9.3)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (<7.2.5)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-lint"]
-testing = ["big-O", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-black (>=0.3.7)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=2.2)", "pytest-ignore-flaky", "pytest-mypy (>=0.9.1)", "pytest-ruff"]
+docs = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9.3)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-lint"]
+testing = ["big-O", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "more-itertools", "pytest (>=6)", "pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-cov", "pytest-enabler (>=2.2)", "pytest-ignore-flaky", "pytest-mypy", "pytest-ruff (>=0.2.1)"]
 
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "^3.8"
-content-hash = "b1d6ae4d1c7642f0c865dfdb881bb44fa12879350acbeb660fa8d7073048b987"
+content-hash = "ee79d43e61c790d058f3a3eff791426f9e2cc487aabd02e7771fc81f9a912701"

pyproject.toml

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ packages = [
 
 [tool.poetry.dependencies]
 python = "^3.8"
-cloudpickle = "^2.2.1"
+dill = "^0.3.8"
 fastapi = "^0.96.0"
 gunicorn = "^20.1.0"
 jinja2 = "^3.1.2"

reflex/event.py

@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@ import inspect
 from base64 import b64encode
 from types import FunctionType
 from typing import (
-    TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
     Callable,
     Dict,
     List,
     Optional,
     Tuple,
-    Type,
     Union,
 )
 
@@ -22,9 +20,6 @@ from reflex.utils import console, format
 from reflex.utils.types import ArgsSpec
 from reflex.vars import BaseVar, Var
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from reflex.state import BaseState
-
 
 class Event(Base):
     """An event that describes any state change in the app."""
@@ -74,44 +69,6 @@ def background(fn):
     return fn
 
 
-def _no_chain_background_task(
-    state_cls: Type["BaseState"], name: str, fn: Callable
-) -> Callable:
-    """Protect against directly chaining a background task from another event handler.
-
-    Args:
-        state_cls: The state class that the event handler is in.
-        name: The name of the background task.
-        fn: The background task coroutine function / generator.
-
-    Returns:
-        A compatible coroutine function / generator that raises a runtime error.
-
-    Raises:
-        TypeError: If the background task is not async.
-    """
-    call = f"{state_cls.__name__}.{name}"
-    message = (
-        f"Cannot directly call background task {name!r}, use "
-        f"`yield {call}` or `return {call}` instead."
-    )
-    if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(fn):
-
-        async def _no_chain_background_task_co(*args, **kwargs):
-            raise RuntimeError(message)
-
-        return _no_chain_background_task_co
-    if inspect.isasyncgenfunction(fn):
-
-        async def _no_chain_background_task_gen(*args, **kwargs):
-            yield
-            raise RuntimeError(message)
-
-        return _no_chain_background_task_gen
-
-    raise TypeError(f"{fn} is marked as a background task, but is not async.")
-
-
 class EventActionsMixin(Base):
     """Mixin for DOM event actions."""
 

reflex/state.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ from typing import (
     Type,
 )
 
-import cloudpickle
+import dill
 import pydantic
 import wrapt
 from redis.asyncio import Redis
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ from reflex.event import (
     Event,
     EventHandler,
     EventSpec,
-    _no_chain_background_task,
     fix_events,
     window_alert,
 )
@@ -149,6 +148,44 @@ class RouterData(Base):
         self.page = PageData(router_data)
 
 
+def _no_chain_background_task(
+    state_cls: Type["BaseState"], name: str, fn: Callable
+) -> Callable:
+    """Protect against directly chaining a background task from another event handler.
+
+    Args:
+        state_cls: The state class that the event handler is in.
+        name: The name of the background task.
+        fn: The background task coroutine function / generator.
+
+    Returns:
+        A compatible coroutine function / generator that raises a runtime error.
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError: If the background task is not async.
+    """
+    call = f"{state_cls.__name__}.{name}"
+    message = (
+        f"Cannot directly call background task {name!r}, use "
+        f"`yield {call}` or `return {call}` instead."
+    )
+    if inspect.iscoroutinefunction(fn):
+
+        async def _no_chain_background_task_co(*args, **kwargs):
+            raise RuntimeError(message)
+
+        return _no_chain_background_task_co
+    if inspect.isasyncgenfunction(fn):
+
+        async def _no_chain_background_task_gen(*args, **kwargs):
+            yield
+            raise RuntimeError(message)
+
+        return _no_chain_background_task_gen
+
+    raise TypeError(f"{fn} is marked as a background task, but is not async.")
+
+
 RESERVED_BACKEND_VAR_NAMES = {
     "_backend_vars",
     "_computed_var_dependencies",
@@ -294,8 +331,6 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
                     parent_state=self,
                     _reflex_internal_init=True,
                 )
-        # Convert the event handlers to functions.
-        self._init_event_handlers()
 
         # Create a fresh copy of the backend variables for this instance
         self._backend_vars = copy.deepcopy(
@@ -306,32 +341,6 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
             }
         )
 
-    def _init_event_handlers(self, state: BaseState | None = None):
-        """Initialize event handlers.
-
-        Allow event handlers to be called directly on the instance. This is
-        called recursively for all parent states.
-
-        Args:
-            state: The state to initialize the event handlers on.
-        """
-        if state is None:
-            state = self
-
-        # Convert the event handlers to functions.
-        for name, event_handler in state.event_handlers.items():
-            if event_handler.is_background:
-                fn = _no_chain_background_task(type(state), name, event_handler.fn)
-            else:
-                fn = functools.partial(event_handler.fn, self)
-            fn.__module__ = event_handler.fn.__module__  # type: ignore
-            fn.__qualname__ = event_handler.fn.__qualname__  # type: ignore
-            setattr(self, name, fn)
-
-        # Also allow direct calling of parent state event handlers
-        if state.parent_state is not None:
-            self._init_event_handlers(state.parent_state)
-
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Get the string representation of the state.
 
@@ -1037,12 +1046,31 @@ class BaseState(Base, ABC, extra=pydantic.Extra.allow):
             if parent_state is not None:
                 return getattr(parent_state, name)
 
+        # Allow event handlers to be called on the instance directly.
+        event_handlers = super().__getattribute__("event_handlers")
+        if name in event_handlers:
+            handler = event_handlers[name]
+            if handler.is_background:
+                fn = _no_chain_background_task(type(self), name, handler.fn)
+            else:
+                fn = functools.partial(handler.fn, self)
+            fn.__module__ = handler.fn.__module__  # type: ignore
+            fn.__qualname__ = handler.fn.__qualname__  # type: ignore
+            return fn
+
         backend_vars = super().__getattribute__("_backend_vars")
         if name in backend_vars:
             value = backend_vars[name]
         else:
             value = super().__getattribute__(name)
 
+        if isinstance(value, EventHandler):
+            # The event handler is inherited from a parent, so let the parent convert
+            # it to a callable function.
+            parent_state = super().__getattribute__("parent_state")
+            if parent_state is not None:
+                return getattr(parent_state, name)
+
         if isinstance(value, MutableProxy.__mutable_types__) and (
             name in super().__getattribute__("base_vars") or name in backend_vars
         ):
@@ -2159,6 +2187,25 @@ class StateManagerMemory(StateManager):
             await self.set_state(token, state)
 
 
+# Workaround https://github.com/cloudpipe/cloudpickle/issues/408 for dynamic pydantic classes
+if not isinstance(State.validate.__func__, FunctionType):
+    cython_function_or_method = type(State.validate.__func__)
+
+    @dill.register(cython_function_or_method)
+    def _dill_reduce_cython_function_or_method(pickler, obj):
+        # Ignore cython function when pickling.
+        pass
+
+
+@dill.register(type(State))
+def _dill_reduce_state(pickler, obj):
+    if obj is not State and issubclass(obj, State):
+        # Avoid serializing subclasses of State, instead get them by reference from the State class.
+        pickler.save_reduce(State.get_class_substate, (obj.get_full_name(),), obj=obj)
+    else:
+        dill.Pickler.dispatch[type](pickler, obj)
+
+
 class StateManagerRedis(StateManager):
     """A state manager that stores states in redis."""
 
@@ -2301,7 +2348,7 @@ class StateManagerRedis(StateManager):
 
         if redis_state is not None:
             # Deserialize the substate.
-            state = cloudpickle.loads(redis_state)
+            state = dill.loads(redis_state)
 
             # Populate parent state if missing and requested.
             if parent_state is None:
@@ -2412,7 +2459,7 @@ class StateManagerRedis(StateManager):
             )
         # Persist only the given state (parents or substates are excluded by BaseState.__getstate__).
         if state._get_was_touched():
-            pickle_state = cloudpickle.dumps(state)
+            pickle_state = dill.dumps(state, byref=True)
             self._warn_if_too_large(state, len(pickle_state))
             await self.redis.set(
                 _substate_key(client_token, state),

tests/test_state.py

@@ -1125,6 +1125,10 @@ def test_event_handlers_call_other_handlers():
         def set_v3(self, v: int):
             self.set_v2(v)
 
+    class SubSubState(SubState):
+        def set_v4(self, v: int):
+            self.set_v(v)
+
     ms = MainState()
     ms.set_v2(1)
     assert ms.v == 1
@@ -1133,6 +1137,10 @@ def test_event_handlers_call_other_handlers():
     ms.substates[SubState.get_name()].set_v3(2)
     assert ms.v == 2
 
+    # ensure handler can be called from substate (referencing grandparent handler)
+    ms.get_substate(tuple(SubSubState.get_full_name().split("."))).set_v4(3)
+    assert ms.v == 3
+
 
 def test_computed_var_cached():
     """Test that a ComputedVar doesn't recalculate when accessed."""