"""The main Reflex app."""

from __future__ import annotations

import asyncio
import concurrent.futures
import contextlib
import copy
import dataclasses
import functools
import inspect
import io
import json
import multiprocessing
import platform
import sys
import traceback
from datetime import datetime
from pathlib import Path
from types import SimpleNamespace
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    AsyncIterator,
    Callable,
    Coroutine,
    Dict,
    Generic,
    List,
    Optional,
    Set,
    Type,
    Union,
    get_args,
    get_type_hints,
)

from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Request, UploadFile
from fastapi.middleware import cors
from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse, StreamingResponse
from fastapi.staticfiles import StaticFiles
from rich.progress import MofNCompleteColumn, Progress, TimeElapsedColumn
from socketio import ASGIApp, AsyncNamespace, AsyncServer
from starlette_admin.contrib.sqla.admin import Admin
from starlette_admin.contrib.sqla.view import ModelView

from reflex import constants
from reflex.admin import AdminDash
from reflex.app_mixins import AppMixin, LifespanMixin, MiddlewareMixin
from reflex.compiler import compiler
from reflex.compiler import utils as compiler_utils
from reflex.compiler.compiler import ExecutorSafeFunctions, compile_theme
from reflex.components.base.app_wrap import AppWrap
from reflex.components.base.error_boundary import ErrorBoundary
from reflex.components.base.fragment import Fragment
from reflex.components.component import (
    Component,
    ComponentStyle,
    evaluate_style_namespaces,
)
from reflex.components.core.banner import connection_pulser, connection_toaster
from reflex.components.core.breakpoints import set_breakpoints
from reflex.components.core.client_side_routing import (
    Default404Page,
    wait_for_client_redirect,
)
from reflex.components.core.upload import Upload, get_upload_dir
from reflex.components.radix import themes
from reflex.config import environment, get_config
from reflex.event import (
    _EVENT_FIELDS,
    BASE_STATE,
    Event,
    EventHandler,
    EventSpec,
    EventType,
    IndividualEventType,
    get_hydrate_event,
    window_alert,
)
from reflex.model import Model, get_db_status
from reflex.page import DECORATED_PAGES
from reflex.route import (
    get_route_args,
    replace_brackets_with_keywords,
    verify_route_validity,
)
from reflex.state import (
    BaseState,
    RouterData,
    State,
    StateManager,
    StateUpdate,
    _substate_key,
    code_uses_state_contexts,
)
from reflex.utils import codespaces, console, exceptions, format, prerequisites, types
from reflex.utils.exec import is_prod_mode, is_testing_env
from reflex.utils.imports import ImportVar

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from reflex.vars import Var

# Define custom types.
ComponentCallable = Callable[[], Component]
Reducer = Callable[[Event], Coroutine[Any, Any, StateUpdate]]


def default_frontend_exception_handler(exception: Exception) -> None:
    """Default frontend exception handler function.

    Args:
        exception: The exception.

    """
    console.error(f"[Reflex Frontend Exception]\n {exception}\n")


def default_backend_exception_handler(exception: Exception) -> EventSpec:
    """Default backend exception handler function.

    Args:
        exception: The exception.

    Returns:
        EventSpec: The window alert event.

    """
    from reflex.components.sonner.toast import Toaster, toast

    error = traceback.format_exc()

    console.error(f"[Reflex Backend Exception]\n {error}\n")

    error_message = (
        ["Contact the website administrator."]
        if is_prod_mode()
        else [f"{type(exception).__name__}: {exception}.", "See logs for details."]
    )
    if Toaster.is_used:
        return toast(
            "An error occurred.",
            level="error",
            description="<br/>".join(error_message),
            position="top-center",
            id="backend_error",
            style={"width": "500px"},
        )  # type: ignore
    else:
        error_message.insert(0, "An error occurred.")
        return window_alert("\n".join(error_message))


def default_overlay_component() -> Component:
    """Default overlay_component attribute for App.

    Returns:
        The default overlay_component, which is a connection_modal.
    """
    return Fragment.create(
        connection_pulser(),
        connection_toaster(),
        *codespaces.codespaces_auto_redirect(),
    )


def default_error_boundary(*children: Component) -> Component:
    """Default error_boundary attribute for App.

    Args:
        *children: The children to render in the error boundary.

    Returns:
        The default error_boundary, which is an ErrorBoundary.

    """
    return ErrorBoundary.create(*children)


class OverlayFragment(Fragment):
    """Alias for Fragment, used to wrap the overlay_component."""

    pass


@dataclasses.dataclass(
    frozen=True,
)
class UnevaluatedPage(Generic[BASE_STATE]):
    """An uncompiled page."""

    component: Union[Component, ComponentCallable]
    route: str
    title: Union[Var, str, None]
    description: Union[Var, str, None]
    image: str
    on_load: Union[EventType[[], BASE_STATE], None]
    meta: List[Dict[str, str]]


@dataclasses.dataclass()
class App(MiddlewareMixin, LifespanMixin):
    """The main Reflex app that encapsulates the backend and frontend.

    Every Reflex app needs an app defined in its main module.

    ```python
    # app.py
    import reflex as rx

    # Define state and pages
    ...

    app = rx.App(
        # Set global level style.
        style={...},
        # Set the top level theme.
        theme=rx.theme(accent_color="blue"),
    )
    ```
    """

    # The global [theme](https://reflex.dev/docs/styling/theming/#theme) for the entire app.
    theme: Optional[Component] = dataclasses.field(
        default_factory=lambda: themes.theme(accent_color="blue")
    )

    # The [global style](https://reflex.dev/docs/styling/overview/#global-styles}) for the app.
    style: ComponentStyle = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)

    # A list of URLs to [stylesheets](https://reflex.dev/docs/styling/custom-stylesheets/) to include in the app.
    stylesheets: List[str] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=list)

    # A component that is present on every page (defaults to the Connection Error banner).
    overlay_component: Optional[Union[Component, ComponentCallable]] = (
        dataclasses.field(default_factory=default_overlay_component)
    )

    # Error boundary component to wrap the app with.
    error_boundary: Optional[ComponentCallable] = default_error_boundary

    # Components to add to the head of every page.
    head_components: List[Component] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=list)

    # The Socket.IO AsyncServer instance.
    sio: Optional[AsyncServer] = None

    # The language to add to the html root tag of every page.
    html_lang: Optional[str] = None

    # Attributes to add to the html root tag of every page.
    html_custom_attrs: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None

    # A map from a route to an unevaluated page.
    _unevaluated_pages: Dict[str, UnevaluatedPage] = dataclasses.field(
        default_factory=dict
    )

    # A map from a page route to the component to render. Users should use `add_page`.
    _pages: Dict[str, Component] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=dict)

    # The backend API object.
    _api: FastAPI | None = None

    # The state class to use for the app.
    _state: Optional[Type[BaseState]] = None

    # Class to manage many client states.
    _state_manager: Optional[StateManager] = None

    # Mapping from a route to event handlers to trigger when the page loads.
    _load_events: Dict[str, List[IndividualEventType[[], Any]]] = dataclasses.field(
        default_factory=dict
    )

    # Admin dashboard to view and manage the database.
    admin_dash: Optional[AdminDash] = None

    # The async server name space.
    _event_namespace: Optional[EventNamespace] = None

    # Background tasks that are currently running.
    _background_tasks: Set[asyncio.Task] = dataclasses.field(default_factory=set)

    # Frontend Error Handler Function
    frontend_exception_handler: Callable[[Exception], None] = (
        default_frontend_exception_handler
    )

    # Backend Error Handler Function
    backend_exception_handler: Callable[
        [Exception], Union[EventSpec, List[EventSpec], None]
    ] = default_backend_exception_handler

    @property
    def api(self) -> FastAPI | None:
        """Get the backend api.

        Returns:
            The backend api.
        """
        return self._api

    @property
    def event_namespace(self) -> EventNamespace | None:
        """Get the event namespace.

        Returns:
            The event namespace.
        """
        return self._event_namespace

    def __post_init__(self):
        """Initialize the app.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the event namespace is not provided in the config.
                        Also, if there are multiple client subclasses of rx.BaseState(Subclasses of rx.BaseState should consist
                        of the DefaultState and the client app state).
        """
        # Special case to allow test cases have multiple subclasses of rx.BaseState.
        if not is_testing_env() and BaseState.__subclasses__() != [State]:
            # Only rx.State is allowed as Base State subclass.
            raise ValueError(
                "rx.BaseState cannot be subclassed directly. Use rx.State instead"
            )

        if "breakpoints" in self.style:
            set_breakpoints(self.style.pop("breakpoints"))

        # Set up the API.
        self._api = FastAPI(lifespan=self._run_lifespan_tasks)
        self._add_cors()
        self._add_default_endpoints()

        for clz in App.__mro__:
            if clz == App:
                continue
            if issubclass(clz, AppMixin):
                clz._init_mixin(self)

        self._setup_state()

        # Set up the admin dash.
        self._setup_admin_dash()

        if sys.platform == "win32" and not is_prod_mode():
            # Hack to fix Windows hot reload issue.
            from reflex.utils.compat import windows_hot_reload_lifespan_hack

            self.register_lifespan_task(windows_hot_reload_lifespan_hack)

    def _enable_state(self) -> None:
        """Enable state for the app."""
        if not self._state:
            self._state = State
            self._setup_state()

    def _setup_state(self) -> None:
        """Set up the state for the app.

        Raises:
            RuntimeError: If the socket server is invalid.
        """
        if not self._state:
            return

        config = get_config()

        # Set up the state manager.
        self._state_manager = StateManager.create(state=self._state)

        # Set up the Socket.IO AsyncServer.
        if not self.sio:
            self.sio = AsyncServer(
                async_mode="asgi",
                cors_allowed_origins=(
                    "*"
                    if config.cors_allowed_origins == ["*"]
                    else config.cors_allowed_origins
                ),
                cors_credentials=True,
                max_http_buffer_size=constants.POLLING_MAX_HTTP_BUFFER_SIZE,
                ping_interval=constants.Ping.INTERVAL,
                ping_timeout=constants.Ping.TIMEOUT,
                json=SimpleNamespace(
                    dumps=staticmethod(format.json_dumps),
                    loads=staticmethod(json.loads),
                ),
                transports=["websocket"],
            )
        elif getattr(self.sio, "async_mode", "") != "asgi":
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"Custom `sio` must use `async_mode='asgi'`, not '{self.sio.async_mode}'."
            )

        # Create the socket app. Note event endpoint constant replaces the default 'socket.io' path.
        socket_app = ASGIApp(self.sio, socketio_path="")
        namespace = config.get_event_namespace()

        # Create the event namespace and attach the main app. Not related to any paths.
        self._event_namespace = EventNamespace(namespace, self)

        # Register the event namespace with the socket.
        self.sio.register_namespace(self.event_namespace)
        # Mount the socket app with the API.
        if self.api:
            self.api.mount(str(constants.Endpoint.EVENT), socket_app)

        # Check the exception handlers
        self._validate_exception_handlers()

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        """Get the string representation of the app.

        Returns:
            The string representation of the app.
        """
        return f"<App state={self._state.__name__ if self._state else None}>"

    def __call__(self) -> FastAPI:
        """Run the backend api instance.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the app has not been initialized.

        Returns:
            The backend api.
        """
        if not self.api:
            raise ValueError("The app has not been initialized.")
        return self.api

    def _add_default_endpoints(self):
        """Add default api endpoints (ping)."""
        # To test the server.
        if not self.api:
            return

        self.api.get(str(constants.Endpoint.PING))(ping)
        self.api.get(str(constants.Endpoint.HEALTH))(health)

    def _add_optional_endpoints(self):
        """Add optional api endpoints (_upload)."""
        if not self.api:
            return

        if Upload.is_used:
            # To upload files.
            self.api.post(str(constants.Endpoint.UPLOAD))(upload(self))

            # To access uploaded files.
            self.api.mount(
                str(constants.Endpoint.UPLOAD),
                StaticFiles(directory=get_upload_dir()),
                name="uploaded_files",
            )
        if codespaces.is_running_in_codespaces():
            self.api.get(str(constants.Endpoint.AUTH_CODESPACE))(
                codespaces.auth_codespace
            )

    def _add_cors(self):
        """Add CORS middleware to the app."""
        if not self.api:
            return
        self.api.add_middleware(
            cors.CORSMiddleware,
            allow_credentials=True,
            allow_methods=["*"],
            allow_headers=["*"],
            allow_origins=get_config().cors_allowed_origins,
        )

    @property
    def state_manager(self) -> StateManager:
        """Get the state manager.

        Returns:
            The initialized state manager.

        Raises:
            ValueError: if the state has not been initialized.
        """
        if self._state_manager is None:
            raise ValueError("The state manager has not been initialized.")
        return self._state_manager

    @staticmethod
    def _generate_component(component: Component | ComponentCallable) -> Component:
        """Generate a component from a callable.

        Args:
            component: The component function to call or Component to return as-is.

        Returns:
            The generated component.
        """
        return component if isinstance(component, Component) else component()

    def add_page(
        self,
        component: Component | ComponentCallable | None = None,
        route: str | None = None,
        title: str | Var | None = None,
        description: str | Var | None = None,
        image: str = constants.DefaultPage.IMAGE,
        on_load: EventType[[], BASE_STATE] | None = None,
        meta: list[dict[str, str]] = constants.DefaultPage.META_LIST,
    ):
        """Add a page to the app.

        If the component is a callable, by default the route is the name of the
        function. Otherwise, a route must be provided.

        Args:
            component: The component to display at the page.
            route: The route to display the component at.
            title: The title of the page.
            description: The description of the page.
            image: The image to display on the page.
            on_load: The event handler(s) that will be called each time the page load.
            meta: The metadata of the page.

        Raises:
            PageValueError: When the component is not set for a non-404 page.
            RouteValueError: When the specified route name already exists.
        """
        # If the route is not set, get it from the callable.
        if route is None:
            if not isinstance(component, Callable):
                raise exceptions.RouteValueError(
                    "Route must be set if component is not a callable."
                )
            # Format the route.
            route = format.format_route(component.__name__)
        else:
            route = format.format_route(route, format_case=False)

        if route == constants.Page404.SLUG:
            if component is None:
                component = Default404Page.create()
            component = wait_for_client_redirect(self._generate_component(component))
            title = title or constants.Page404.TITLE
            description = description or constants.Page404.DESCRIPTION
            image = image or constants.Page404.IMAGE
        else:
            if component is None:
                raise exceptions.PageValueError(
                    "Component must be set for a non-404 page."
                )

        # Check if the route given is valid
        verify_route_validity(route)

        if route in self._unevaluated_pages and environment.RELOAD_CONFIG.is_set():
            # when the app is reloaded(typically for app harness tests), we should maintain
            # the latest render function of a route.This applies typically to decorated pages
            # since they are only added when app._compile is called.
            self._unevaluated_pages.pop(route)

        if route in self._unevaluated_pages:
            route_name = (
                f"`{route}` or `/`"
                if route == constants.PageNames.INDEX_ROUTE
                else f"`{route}`"
            )
            raise exceptions.RouteValueError(
                f"Duplicate page route {route_name} already exists. Make sure you do not have two"
                f" pages with the same route"
            )

        # Setup dynamic args for the route.
        # this state assignment is only required for tests using the deprecated state kwarg for App
        state = self._state if self._state else State
        state.setup_dynamic_args(get_route_args(route))

        if on_load:
            self._load_events[route] = (
                on_load if isinstance(on_load, list) else [on_load]
            )

        self._unevaluated_pages[route] = UnevaluatedPage(
            component=component,
            route=route,
            title=title,
            description=description,
            image=image,
            on_load=on_load,
            meta=meta,
        )

    def _compile_page(self, route: str, save_page: bool = True):
        """Compile a page.

        Args:
            route: The route of the page to compile.
            save_page: If True, the compiled page is saved to self._pages.
        """
        component, enable_state = compiler.compile_unevaluated_page(
            route, self._unevaluated_pages[route], self._state, self.style, self.theme
        )

        if enable_state:
            self._enable_state()

        # Add the page.
        self._check_routes_conflict(route)
        if save_page:
            self._pages[route] = component

    def get_load_events(self, route: str) -> list[IndividualEventType[[], Any]]:
        """Get the load events for a route.

        Args:
            route: The route to get the load events for.

        Returns:
            The load events for the route.
        """
        route = route.lstrip("/")
        if route == "":
            route = constants.PageNames.INDEX_ROUTE
        return self._load_events.get(route, [])

    def _check_routes_conflict(self, new_route: str):
        """Verify if there is any conflict between the new route and any existing route.

        Based on conflicts that NextJS would throw if not intercepted.

        Raises:
            RouteValueError: exception showing which conflict exist with the route to be added

        Args:
            new_route: the route being newly added.
        """
        from reflex.utils.exceptions import RouteValueError

        if "[" not in new_route:
            return

        segments = (
            constants.RouteRegex.SINGLE_SEGMENT,
            constants.RouteRegex.DOUBLE_SEGMENT,
            constants.RouteRegex.SINGLE_CATCHALL_SEGMENT,
            constants.RouteRegex.DOUBLE_CATCHALL_SEGMENT,
        )
        for route in self._pages:
            replaced_route = replace_brackets_with_keywords(route)
            for rw, r, nr in zip(
                replaced_route.split("/"), route.split("/"), new_route.split("/")
            ):
                if rw in segments and r != nr:
                    # If the slugs in the segments of both routes are not the same, then the route is invalid
                    raise RouteValueError(
                        f"You cannot use different slug names for the same dynamic path in  {route} and {new_route} ('{r}' != '{nr}')"
                    )
                elif rw not in segments and r != nr:
                    # if the section being compared in both routes is not a dynamic segment(i.e not wrapped in brackets)
                    # then we are guaranteed that the route is valid and there's no need checking the rest.
                    # eg. /posts/[id]/info/[slug1] and /posts/[id]/info1/[slug1] is always going to be valid since
                    # info1 will break away into its own tree.
                    break

    def add_custom_404_page(
        self,
        component: Component | ComponentCallable | None = None,
        title: str = constants.Page404.TITLE,
        image: str = constants.Page404.IMAGE,
        description: str = constants.Page404.DESCRIPTION,
        on_load: EventType[[], BASE_STATE] | None = None,
        meta: list[dict[str, str]] = constants.DefaultPage.META_LIST,
    ):
        """Define a custom 404 page for any url having no match.

        If there is no page defined on 'index' route, add the 404 page to it.
        If there is no global catchall defined, add the 404 page with a catchall.

        Args:
            component: The component to display at the page.
            title: The title of the page.
            description: The description of the page.
            image: The image to display on the page.
            on_load: The event handler(s) that will be called each time the page load.
            meta: The metadata of the page.
        """
        console.deprecate(
            feature_name="App.add_custom_404_page",
            reason=f"Use app.add_page(component, route='/{constants.Page404.SLUG}') instead.",
            deprecation_version="0.6.7",
            removal_version="0.8.0",
        )
        self.add_page(
            component=component,
            route=constants.Page404.SLUG,
            title=title or constants.Page404.TITLE,
            image=image or constants.Page404.IMAGE,
            description=description or constants.Page404.DESCRIPTION,
            on_load=on_load,
            meta=meta,
        )

    def _setup_admin_dash(self):
        """Setup the admin dash."""
        # Get the admin dash.
        if not self.api:
            return

        admin_dash = self.admin_dash

        if admin_dash and admin_dash.models:
            # Build the admin dashboard
            admin = (
                admin_dash.admin
                if admin_dash.admin
                else Admin(
                    engine=Model.get_db_engine(),
                    title="Reflex Admin Dashboard",
                    logo_url="https://reflex.dev/Reflex.svg",
                )
            )

            for model in admin_dash.models:
                view = admin_dash.view_overrides.get(model, ModelView)
                admin.add_view(view(model))

            admin.mount_to(self.api)

    def _get_frontend_packages(self, imports: Dict[str, set[ImportVar]]):
        """Gets the frontend packages to be installed and filters out the unnecessary ones.

        Args:
            imports: A dictionary containing the imports used in the current page.

        Example:
            >>> _get_frontend_packages({"react": "16.14.0", "react-dom": "16.14.0"})
        """
        page_imports = {
            i
            for i, tags in imports.items()
            if i not in constants.PackageJson.DEPENDENCIES
            and i not in constants.PackageJson.DEV_DEPENDENCIES
            and not any(i.startswith(prefix) for prefix in ["/", "$/", ".", "next/"])
            and i != ""
            and any(tag.install for tag in tags)
        }
        frontend_packages = get_config().frontend_packages
        _frontend_packages = []
        for package in frontend_packages:
            if package in (get_config().tailwind or {}).get("plugins", []):  # type: ignore
                console.warn(
                    f"Tailwind packages are inferred from 'plugins', remove `{package}` from `frontend_packages`"
                )
                continue
            if package in page_imports:
                console.warn(
                    f"React packages and their dependencies are inferred from Component.library and Component.lib_dependencies, remove `{package}` from `frontend_packages`"
                )
                continue
            _frontend_packages.append(package)
        page_imports.update(_frontend_packages)
        prerequisites.install_frontend_packages(page_imports, get_config())

    def _app_root(self, app_wrappers: dict[tuple[int, str], Component]) -> Component:
        for component in tuple(app_wrappers.values()):
            app_wrappers.update(component._get_all_app_wrap_components())
        order = sorted(app_wrappers, key=lambda k: k[0], reverse=True)
        root = parent = copy.deepcopy(app_wrappers[order[0]])
        for key in order[1:]:
            child = copy.deepcopy(app_wrappers[key])
            parent.children.append(child)
            parent = child
        return root

    def _should_compile(self) -> bool:
        """Check if the app should be compiled.

        Returns:
            Whether the app should be compiled.
        """
        # Check the environment variable.
        if environment.REFLEX_SKIP_COMPILE.get():
            return False

        nocompile = prerequisites.get_web_dir() / constants.NOCOMPILE_FILE

        # Check the nocompile file.
        if nocompile.exists():
            # Delete the nocompile file
            nocompile.unlink()
            return False

        # By default, compile the app.
        return True

    def _add_overlay_to_component(self, component: Component) -> Component:
        if self.overlay_component is None:
            return component

        children = component.children
        overlay_component = self._generate_component(self.overlay_component)

        if children[0] == overlay_component:
            return component

        # recreate OverlayFragment with overlay_component as first child
        component = OverlayFragment.create(overlay_component, *children)

        return component

    def _setup_overlay_component(self):
        """If a State is not used and no overlay_component is specified, do not render the connection modal."""
        if self._state is None and self.overlay_component is default_overlay_component:
            self.overlay_component = None
        for k, component in self._pages.items():
            self._pages[k] = self._add_overlay_to_component(component)

    def _add_error_boundary_to_component(self, component: Component) -> Component:
        if self.error_boundary is None:
            return component

        component = self.error_boundary(*component.children)

        return component

    def _setup_error_boundary(self):
        """If a State is not used and no error_boundary is specified, do not render the error boundary."""
        if self._state is None and self.error_boundary is default_error_boundary:
            self.error_boundary = None

        for k, component in self._pages.items():
            # Skip the 404 page
            if k == constants.Page404.SLUG:
                continue
            self._pages[k] = self._add_error_boundary_to_component(component)

    def _apply_decorated_pages(self):
        """Add @rx.page decorated pages to the app.

        This has to be done in the MainThread for py38 and py39 compatibility, so the
        decorated pages are added to the app before the app is compiled (in a thread)
        to workaround REF-2172.

        This can move back into `compile_` when py39 support is dropped.
        """
        # Add the @rx.page decorated pages to collect on_load events.
        for render, kwargs in DECORATED_PAGES[get_config().app_name]:
            self.add_page(render, **kwargs)

    def _validate_var_dependencies(
        self, state: Optional[Type[BaseState]] = None
    ) -> None:
        """Validate the dependencies of the vars in the app.

        Args:
            state: The state to validate the dependencies for.

        Raises:
            VarDependencyError: When a computed var has an invalid dependency.
        """
        if not self._state:
            return

        if not state:
            state = self._state

        for var in state.computed_vars.values():
            if not var._cache:
                continue
            deps = var._deps(objclass=state)
            for dep in deps:
                if dep not in state.vars and dep not in state.backend_vars:
                    raise exceptions.VarDependencyError(
                        f"ComputedVar {var._js_expr} on state {state.__name__} has an invalid dependency {dep}"
                    )

        for substate in state.class_subclasses:
            self._validate_var_dependencies(substate)

    def _compile(self, export: bool = False):
        """Compile the app and output it to the pages folder.

        Args:
            export: Whether to compile the app for export.

        Raises:
            ReflexRuntimeError: When any page uses state, but no rx.State subclass is defined.
        """
        from reflex.utils.exceptions import ReflexRuntimeError

        self._pages = {}

        def get_compilation_time() -> str:
            return str(datetime.now().time()).split(".")[0]

        # Render a default 404 page if the user didn't supply one
        if constants.Page404.SLUG not in self._unevaluated_pages:
            self.add_page(route=constants.Page404.SLUG)

        # Fix up the style.
        self.style = evaluate_style_namespaces(self.style)

        # Add the app wrappers.
        app_wrappers: Dict[tuple[int, str], Component] = {
            # Default app wrap component renders {children}
            (0, "AppWrap"): AppWrap.create()
        }

        if self.theme is not None:
            # If a theme component was provided, wrap the app with it
            app_wrappers[(20, "Theme")] = self.theme

        should_compile = self._should_compile()

        for route in self._unevaluated_pages:
            console.debug(f"Evaluating page: {route}")
            self._compile_page(route, save_page=should_compile)

        # Add the optional endpoints (_upload)
        self._add_optional_endpoints()

        if not should_compile:
            return

        self._validate_var_dependencies()
        self._setup_overlay_component()
        self._setup_error_boundary()

        # Create a progress bar.
        progress = Progress(
            *Progress.get_default_columns()[:-1],
            MofNCompleteColumn(),
            TimeElapsedColumn(),
        )

        # try to be somewhat accurate - but still not 100%
        adhoc_steps_without_executor = 6
        fixed_pages_within_executor = 5
        progress.start()
        task = progress.add_task(
            f"[{get_compilation_time()}] Compiling:",
            total=len(self._pages)
            + fixed_pages_within_executor
            + adhoc_steps_without_executor,
        )

        # Get the env mode.
        config = get_config()

        # Store the compile results.
        compile_results = []

        progress.advance(task)

        # Track imports and custom components found.
        all_imports = {}
        custom_components = set()

        # This has to happen before compiling stateful components as that
        # prevents recursive functions from reaching all components.
        for component in self._pages.values():
            # Add component._get_all_imports() to all_imports.
            all_imports.update(component._get_all_imports())

            # Add the app wrappers from this component.
            app_wrappers.update(component._get_all_app_wrap_components())

            # Add the custom components from the page to the set.
            custom_components |= component._get_all_custom_components()

        # Perform auto-memoization of stateful components.
        (
            stateful_components_path,
            stateful_components_code,
            page_components,
        ) = compiler.compile_stateful_components(self._pages.values())

        progress.advance(task)

        # Catch "static" apps (that do not define a rx.State subclass) which are trying to access rx.State.
        if code_uses_state_contexts(stateful_components_code) and self._state is None:
            raise ReflexRuntimeError(
                "To access rx.State in frontend components, at least one "
                "subclass of rx.State must be defined in the app."
            )
        compile_results.append((stateful_components_path, stateful_components_code))

        progress.advance(task)

        # Compile the root document before fork.
        compile_results.append(
            compiler.compile_document_root(
                self.head_components,
                html_lang=self.html_lang,
                html_custom_attrs=self.html_custom_attrs,  # type: ignore
            )
        )

        progress.advance(task)

        # Use a forking process pool, if possible.  Much faster, especially for large sites.
        # Fallback to ThreadPoolExecutor as something that will always work.
        executor = None
        if (
            platform.system() in ("Linux", "Darwin")
            and (number_of_processes := environment.REFLEX_COMPILE_PROCESSES.get())
            is not None
        ):
            executor = concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(
                max_workers=number_of_processes or None,
                mp_context=multiprocessing.get_context("fork"),
            )
        else:
            executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
                max_workers=environment.REFLEX_COMPILE_THREADS.get() or None
            )

        for route, component in zip(self._pages, page_components):
            ExecutorSafeFunctions.COMPONENTS[route] = component

        ExecutorSafeFunctions.STATE = self._state

        with executor:
            result_futures = []

            def _submit_work(fn, *args, **kwargs):
                f = executor.submit(fn, *args, **kwargs)
                result_futures.append(f)

            # Compile the pre-compiled pages.
            for route in self._pages:
                _submit_work(
                    ExecutorSafeFunctions.compile_page,
                    route,
                )

            # Compile the root stylesheet with base styles.
            _submit_work(compiler.compile_root_stylesheet, self.stylesheets)

            # Compile the theme.
            _submit_work(compile_theme, self.style)

            # Compile the Tailwind config.
            if config.tailwind is not None:
                config.tailwind["content"] = config.tailwind.get(
                    "content", constants.Tailwind.CONTENT
                )
                _submit_work(compiler.compile_tailwind, config.tailwind)
            else:
                _submit_work(compiler.remove_tailwind_from_postcss)

            # Wait for all compilation tasks to complete.
            for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(result_futures):
                compile_results.append(future.result())
                progress.advance(task)

        app_root = self._app_root(app_wrappers=app_wrappers)

        # Get imports from AppWrap components.
        all_imports.update(app_root._get_all_imports())

        progress.advance(task)

        # Compile the contexts.
        compile_results.append(
            compiler.compile_contexts(self._state, self.theme),
        )
        if self.theme is not None:
            # Fix #2992 by removing the top-level appearance prop
            self.theme.appearance = None
        progress.advance(task)

        # Compile the app root.
        compile_results.append(
            compiler.compile_app(app_root),
        )
        progress.advance(task)

        # Compile custom components.
        *custom_components_result, custom_components_imports = (
            compiler.compile_components(custom_components)
        )
        compile_results.append(custom_components_result)
        all_imports.update(custom_components_imports)

        progress.advance(task)
        progress.stop()

        # Install frontend packages.
        self._get_frontend_packages(all_imports)

        # Setup the next.config.js
        transpile_packages = [
            package
            for package, import_vars in all_imports.items()
            if any(import_var.transpile for import_var in import_vars)
        ]
        prerequisites.update_next_config(
            export=export,
            transpile_packages=transpile_packages,
        )

        if is_prod_mode():
            # Empty the .web pages directory.
            compiler.purge_web_pages_dir()
        else:
            # In dev mode, delete removed pages and update existing pages.
            keep_files = [Path(output_path) for output_path, _ in compile_results]
            for p in Path(prerequisites.get_web_dir() / constants.Dirs.PAGES).rglob(
                "*"
            ):
                if p.is_file() and p not in keep_files:
                    # Remove pages that are no longer in the app.
                    p.unlink()

        for output_path, code in compile_results:
            compiler_utils.write_page(output_path, code)

    @contextlib.asynccontextmanager
    async def modify_state(self, token: str) -> AsyncIterator[BaseState]:
        """Modify the state out of band.

        Args:
            token: The token to modify the state for.

        Yields:
            The state to modify.

        Raises:
            RuntimeError: If the app has not been initialized yet.
        """
        if self.event_namespace is None:
            raise RuntimeError("App has not been initialized yet.")

        # Get exclusive access to the state.
        async with self.state_manager.modify_state(token) as state:
            # No other event handler can modify the state while in this context.
            yield state
            delta = state.get_delta()
            if delta:
                # When the state is modified reset dirty status and emit the delta to the frontend.
                state._clean()
                await self.event_namespace.emit_update(
                    update=StateUpdate(delta=delta),
                    sid=state.router.session.session_id,
                )

    def _process_background(
        self, state: BaseState, event: Event
    ) -> asyncio.Task | None:
        """Process an event in the background and emit updates as they arrive.

        Args:
            state: The state to process the event for.
            event: The event to process.

        Returns:
            Task if the event was backgroundable, otherwise None
        """
        substate, handler = state._get_event_handler(event)

        if not handler.is_background:
            return None

        async def _coro():
            """Coroutine to process the event and emit updates inside an asyncio.Task.

            Raises:
                RuntimeError: If the app has not been initialized yet.
            """
            if self.event_namespace is None:
                raise RuntimeError("App has not been initialized yet.")

            # Process the event.
            async for update in state._process_event(
                handler=handler, state=substate, payload=event.payload
            ):
                # Postprocess the event.
                update = await self._postprocess(state, event, update)

                # Send the update to the client.
                await self.event_namespace.emit_update(
                    update=update,
                    sid=state.router.session.session_id,
                )

        task = asyncio.create_task(_coro())
        self._background_tasks.add(task)
        # Clean up task from background_tasks set when complete.
        task.add_done_callback(self._background_tasks.discard)
        return task

    def _validate_exception_handlers(self):
        """Validate the custom event exception handlers for front- and backend.

        Raises:
            ValueError: If the custom exception handlers are invalid.

        """
        frontend_arg_spec = {
            "exception": Exception,
        }

        backend_arg_spec = {
            "exception": Exception,
        }

        for handler_domain, handler_fn, handler_spec in zip(
            ["frontend", "backend"],
            [self.frontend_exception_handler, self.backend_exception_handler],
            [
                frontend_arg_spec,
                backend_arg_spec,
            ],
        ):
            if hasattr(handler_fn, "__name__"):
                _fn_name = handler_fn.__name__
            else:
                _fn_name = type(handler_fn).__name__

            if isinstance(handler_fn, functools.partial):
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` is a partial function. Please provide a named function instead."
                )

            if not callable(handler_fn):
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` is not a function."
                )

            # Allow named functions only as lambda functions cannot be introspected
            if _fn_name == "<lambda>":
                raise ValueError(
                    f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` is a lambda function. Please use a named function instead."
                )

            # Check if the function has the necessary annotations and types in the right order
            argspec = inspect.getfullargspec(handler_fn)
            arg_annotations = {
                k: eval(v) if isinstance(v, str) else v
                for k, v in argspec.annotations.items()
                if k not in ["args", "kwargs", "return"]
            }

            for required_arg_index, required_arg in enumerate(handler_spec):
                if required_arg not in arg_annotations:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` does not take the required argument `{required_arg}`"
                    )
                elif (
                    not list(arg_annotations.keys())[required_arg_index] == required_arg
                ):
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` has the wrong argument order."
                        f"Expected `{required_arg}` as the {required_arg_index+1} argument but got `{list(arg_annotations.keys())[required_arg_index]}`"
                    )

                if not issubclass(arg_annotations[required_arg], Exception):
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` has the wrong type for {required_arg} argument."
                        f"Expected to be `Exception` but got `{arg_annotations[required_arg]}`"
                    )

            # Check if the return type is valid for backend exception handler
            if handler_domain == "backend":
                sig = inspect.signature(self.backend_exception_handler)
                return_type = (
                    eval(sig.return_annotation)
                    if isinstance(sig.return_annotation, str)
                    else sig.return_annotation
                )

                valid = bool(
                    return_type == EventSpec
                    or return_type == Optional[EventSpec]
                    or return_type == List[EventSpec]
                    or return_type == inspect.Signature.empty
                    or return_type is None
                )

                if not valid:
                    raise ValueError(
                        f"Provided custom {handler_domain} exception handler `{_fn_name}` has the wrong return type."
                        f"Expected `Union[EventSpec, List[EventSpec], None]` but got `{return_type}`"
                    )


async def process(
    app: App, event: Event, sid: str, headers: Dict, client_ip: str
) -> AsyncIterator[StateUpdate]:
    """Process an event.

    Args:
        app: The app to process the event for.
        event: The event to process.
        sid: The Socket.IO session id.
        headers: The client headers.
        client_ip: The client_ip.

    Raises:
        Exception: If a reflex specific error occurs during processing the event.

    Yields:
        The state updates after processing the event.
    """
    from reflex.utils import telemetry

    try:
        # Add request data to the state.
        router_data = event.router_data
        router_data.update(
            {
                constants.RouteVar.QUERY: format.format_query_params(event.router_data),
                constants.RouteVar.CLIENT_TOKEN: event.token,
                constants.RouteVar.SESSION_ID: sid,
                constants.RouteVar.HEADERS: headers,
                constants.RouteVar.CLIENT_IP: client_ip,
            }
        )
        # Get the state for the session exclusively.
        async with app.state_manager.modify_state(event.substate_token) as state:
            # When this is a brand new instance of the state, signal the
            # frontend to reload before processing it.
            if (
                not state.router_data
                and event.name != get_hydrate_event(state)
                and app.event_namespace is not None
            ):
                await asyncio.create_task(
                    app.event_namespace.emit(
                        "reload",
                        data=event,
                        to=sid,
                    )
                )
                return
            # re-assign only when the value is different
            if state.router_data != router_data:
                # assignment will recurse into substates and force recalculation of
                # dependent ComputedVar (dynamic route variables)
                state.router_data = router_data
                state.router = RouterData(router_data)

            # Preprocess the event.
            update = await app._preprocess(state, event)

            # If there was an update, yield it.
            if update is not None:
                yield update

            # Only process the event if there is no update.
            else:
                if app._process_background(state, event) is not None:
                    # `final=True` allows the frontend send more events immediately.
                    yield StateUpdate(final=True)
                    return

                # Process the event synchronously.
                async for update in state._process(event):
                    # Postprocess the event.
                    update = await app._postprocess(state, event, update)

                    # Yield the update.
                    yield update
    except Exception as ex:
        telemetry.send_error(ex, context="backend")

        app.backend_exception_handler(ex)
        raise


async def ping() -> str:
    """Test API endpoint.

    Returns:
        The response.
    """
    return "pong"


async def health() -> JSONResponse:
    """Health check endpoint to assess the status of the database and Redis services.

    Returns:
        JSONResponse: A JSON object with the health status:
            - "status" (bool): Overall health, True if all checks pass.
            - "db" (bool or str): Database status - True, False, or "NA".
            - "redis" (bool or str): Redis status - True, False, or "NA".
    """
    health_status = {"status": True}
    status_code = 200

    tasks = []

    if prerequisites.check_db_used():
        tasks.append(get_db_status())
    if prerequisites.check_redis_used():
        tasks.append(prerequisites.get_redis_status())

    results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks)

    for result in results:
        health_status |= result

    if "redis" in health_status and health_status["redis"] is None:
        health_status["redis"] = False

    if not all(health_status.values()):
        health_status["status"] = False
        status_code = 503

    return JSONResponse(content=health_status, status_code=status_code)


def upload(app: App):
    """Upload a file.

    Args:
        app: The app to upload the file for.

    Returns:
        The upload function.
    """

    async def upload_file(request: Request, files: List[UploadFile]):
        """Upload a file.

        Args:
            request: The FastAPI request object.
            files: The file(s) to upload.

        Returns:
            StreamingResponse yielding newline-delimited JSON of StateUpdate
            emitted by the upload handler.

        Raises:
            UploadValueError: if there are no args with supported annotation.
            UploadTypeError: if a background task is used as the handler.
            HTTPException: when the request does not include token / handler headers.
        """
        from reflex.utils.exceptions import UploadTypeError, UploadValueError

        token = request.headers.get("reflex-client-token")
        handler = request.headers.get("reflex-event-handler")

        if not token or not handler:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=400,
                detail="Missing reflex-client-token or reflex-event-handler header.",
            )

        # Get the state for the session.
        substate_token = _substate_key(token, handler.rpartition(".")[0])
        state = await app.state_manager.get_state(substate_token)

        # get the current session ID
        # get the current state(parent state/substate)
        path = handler.split(".")[:-1]
        current_state = state.get_substate(path)
        handler_upload_param = ()

        # get handler function
        func = getattr(type(current_state), handler.split(".")[-1])

        # check if there exists any handler args with annotation, List[UploadFile]
        if isinstance(func, EventHandler):
            if func.is_background:
                raise UploadTypeError(
                    f"@rx.event(background=True) is not supported for upload handler `{handler}`.",
                )
            func = func.fn
        if isinstance(func, functools.partial):
            func = func.func
        for k, v in get_type_hints(func).items():
            if types.is_generic_alias(v) and types._issubclass(
                get_args(v)[0],
                UploadFile,
            ):
                handler_upload_param = (k, v)
                break

        if not handler_upload_param:
            raise UploadValueError(
                f"`{handler}` handler should have a parameter annotated as "
                "List[rx.UploadFile]"
            )

        # Make a copy of the files as they are closed after the request.
        # This behaviour changed from fastapi 0.103.0 to 0.103.1 as the
        # AsyncExitStack was removed from the request scope and is now
        # part of the routing function which closes this before the
        # event is handled.
        file_copies = []
        for file in files:
            content_copy = io.BytesIO()
            content_copy.write(await file.read())
            content_copy.seek(0)
            file_copies.append(
                UploadFile(
                    file=content_copy,
                    filename=file.filename,
                    size=file.size,
                    headers=file.headers,
                )
            )

        event = Event(
            token=token,
            name=handler,
            payload={handler_upload_param[0]: file_copies},
        )

        async def _ndjson_updates():
            """Process the upload event, generating ndjson updates.

            Yields:
                Each state update as JSON followed by a new line.
            """
            # Process the event.
            async with app.state_manager.modify_state(event.substate_token) as state:
                async for update in state._process(event):
                    # Postprocess the event.
                    update = await app._postprocess(state, event, update)
                    yield update.json() + "\n"

        # Stream updates to client
        return StreamingResponse(
            _ndjson_updates(),
            media_type="application/x-ndjson",
        )

    return upload_file


class EventNamespace(AsyncNamespace):
    """The event namespace."""

    # The application object.
    app: App

    # Keep a mapping between socket ID and client token.
    token_to_sid: dict[str, str]

    # Keep a mapping between client token and socket ID.
    sid_to_token: dict[str, str]

    def __init__(self, namespace: str, app: App):
        """Initialize the event namespace.

        Args:
            namespace: The namespace.
            app: The application object.
        """
        super().__init__(namespace)
        self.token_to_sid = {}
        self.sid_to_token = {}
        self.app = app

    def on_connect(self, sid, environ):
        """Event for when the websocket is connected.

        Args:
            sid: The Socket.IO session id.
            environ: The request information, including HTTP headers.
        """
        pass

    def on_disconnect(self, sid):
        """Event for when the websocket disconnects.

        Args:
            sid: The Socket.IO session id.
        """
        disconnect_token = self.sid_to_token.pop(sid, None)
        if disconnect_token:
            self.token_to_sid.pop(disconnect_token, None)

    async def emit_update(self, update: StateUpdate, sid: str) -> None:
        """Emit an update to the client.

        Args:
            update: The state update to send.
            sid: The Socket.IO session id.
        """
        # Creating a task prevents the update from being blocked behind other coroutines.
        await asyncio.create_task(
            self.emit(str(constants.SocketEvent.EVENT), update, to=sid)
        )

    async def on_event(self, sid, data):
        """Event for receiving front-end websocket events.

        Raises:
            RuntimeError: If the Socket.IO is badly initialized.

        Args:
            sid: The Socket.IO session id.
            data: The event data.

        Raises:
            EventDeserializationError: If the event data is not a dictionary.
        """
        fields = data

        if isinstance(fields, str):
            console.warn(
                "Received event data as a string. This generally should not happen and may indicate a bug."
                f" Event data: {fields}"
            )
            try:
                fields = json.loads(fields)
            except json.JSONDecodeError as ex:
                raise exceptions.EventDeserializationError(
                    f"Failed to deserialize event data: {fields}."
                ) from ex

        if not isinstance(fields, dict):
            raise exceptions.EventDeserializationError(
                f"Event data must be a dictionary, but received {fields} of type {type(fields)}."
            )

        try:
            # Get the event.
            event = Event(**{k: v for k, v in fields.items() if k in _EVENT_FIELDS})
        except (TypeError, ValueError) as ex:
            raise exceptions.EventDeserializationError(
                f"Failed to deserialize event data: {fields}."
            ) from ex

        self.token_to_sid[event.token] = sid
        self.sid_to_token[sid] = event.token

        # Get the event environment.
        if self.app.sio is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Socket.IO is not initialized.")
        environ = self.app.sio.get_environ(sid, self.namespace)
        if environ is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Socket.IO environ is not initialized.")

        # Get the client headers.
        headers = {
            k.decode("utf-8"): v.decode("utf-8")
            for (k, v) in environ["asgi.scope"]["headers"]
        }

        # Get the client IP
        try:
            client_ip = environ["asgi.scope"]["client"][0]
        except (KeyError, IndexError):
            client_ip = environ.get("REMOTE_ADDR", "0.0.0.0")

        # Process the events.
        async for update in process(self.app, event, sid, headers, client_ip):
            # Emit the update from processing the event.
            await self.emit_update(update=update, sid=sid)

    async def on_ping(self, sid):
        """Event for testing the API endpoint.

        Args:
            sid: The Socket.IO session id.
        """
        # Emit the test event.
        await self.emit(str(constants.SocketEvent.PING), "pong", to=sid)